1、 :Z 原子序数n 量子数(整数)m 质量电子运动的椭圆形轨道?224222hnemZEhmv 0)(822222222VEhmzyx元素原子轨道电子构型1s2s2p3sH 1s1He 1s2Li 1s2 2s1Be 1s 2 2s2B 1s2 2s2 2p1C 1s2 2s2 2p2N 1s2 2s2 2p3O 1s2 2s2 2p4F 1s2 2s2 2p5Ne 1s2 2s2 2p6H10.790.32Li12.051.23Be41.400.90Mg121.721.36Ca202.231.74Sr382.451.91Ba562.781.98Na112.231.54K192.772.03R
2、b372.982.16Cs553.342.35Fr87-Ra88-Ti222.001.32Zr402.161.45Hf722.161.44Sc212.091.44Y392.271.62La572.741.69Ac89-Rf104-Cr241.851.18Mo422.011.30W742.021.30V231.921.22Nb412.081.34Ta732.091.34Ha105-Sg106-Fe261.721.17Ru441.891.25Os761.921.26Mn251.791.17Tc431.951.27Re751.971.28Ns107-Hs108-Ni281.621.15Pd461.7
3、91.28Pt781.831.30Co271.671.16Rh451.831.25Ir771.871.27Mt109-Unn110-Cu291.571.17Ag471.751.34Au791.791.34Unu111-Zn301.531.25Cd481.711.48Hg801.761.49Ga311.811.26In492.001.44Tl812.081.48B51.170.82Al131.821.18Ge321.521.22Sn501.721.41Pb821.811.47C60.910.77Si141.461.11As331.331.20Sb511.531.40Bi831.631.46N70
4、.750.75P151.231.06Se341.221.16Te521.421.36Po841.531.46O80.650.73S161.091.02Br351.121.14I531.321.33At851.431.45F90.570.72Cl170.970.99Kr361.031.12Xe541.241.31Rn861.34Lu712.251.56Lw103Yb702.401.74No102Tm692.421.56Md101Er682.451.57Fm100Ho672.471.58Es99Dy662.491.59Cf98Tb652.511.59Bk97Gd642.541.61Cm96Eu63
5、2.561.85Am95Sm622.591.62Pu94Pm612.621.63Np93Nd602.641.64U92Pr592.671.65Pa91Ce582.701.651.651.42Th90Ne100.510.71He20.490.93Ar180.880.98H10.790.32-周期表中的规律：l同种元素原子半径:共价半径 金属原子半径l同种元素离子半径:rcation ranionl同族元素:原子和离子半径随周期数增加而增大l同一周期元素:原子和离子半径随Z的增加而减小l从周期表左上到右下对角线上，阳离子半径近于相等l镧系和锕系:阳离子半径随Z增加而略有减小lGenerally,阳
6、离子半径都小于阴离子半径。阳离子半径在0.51.2 的范围内，而阴离子半径则在1.22.2 之间 F3 above the planeF3 below the planeF3 above the planeF3 below the planeF3 above the planeF3 below the planeF3 above the planeF3 below the plane03/)34(VrZtNaNaNaNa=2=1+2=1.732=1(arbitrary)=2=1+2=1.732=1(arbitrary)=1=20.6110.51y0.5C-C-C angle=109o 28金刚
7、石的结构sp3杂化 2s轨道上1个e-被激发至2p轨道:体系能量增加4.16 eV 2p轨道每增加1个CC键：能量降低4.29 eV石墨的结构sp2杂化oo109o 28ooo1234nEn Li(1s22s1)En Be(2p)n Be(2s2)En Li(2s1)n Li(1s2)2nd Rule:the electrostatic valence principle An ionic structure will be stable to the extent that the sum of the strengths of the electrostatic bonds that re
8、ach an ion equal the charge on that ion.2nd Rule C+4的CN=3，静电键强=4/3 每一个O2-贡献4/3即平衡 每一个O2-剩下2/3电荷，所以CO3-2 2nd Rule如 CO3-2 Shared edges,and particularly faces of two anion polyhedra in a crystal structure decreases its stabilityThe number of different kinds of constituents in a crystal tends to be small.Cant fill both(share face)HCPIV sitesVI sitesCCPIV sitesVI sites
