1、(一)词的翻译1.词义选择词义选择2.词类转换词类转换3.词的增补词的增补4.词的省略词的省略5.词的替代词的替代1.词义选择(1)语境词汉语有些词语的含义会因语境而发生微妙的变化，称之为“语境词”，应紧 密结合上下文译成相应的词，不能按照原词的字面意思来译。原文：手机刷新了人与人的关系。译文：Cell phone have alteredaltered the relationship among people.分析：“刷新”此处实际是指“改变”，而并非是我们平常所指的含义，因此不宜译成refurbish或renovate，翻译为alter或 change更恰当。(2)表意模糊的词原文：这所
2、全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。译文：The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society.分析：“输送”在句中是一个模糊笼统的词，具体说来是指“培养出”。“人才”笼统，译为qualified graduates比较确切。(3)比喻词汇汉语有许多比喻词汇，表面意义和喻指含义完全不同，英译时应跳出机械对应的思维定式，动态地译出其潜在含义。原文：老师答应给这几个学生“吃小灶”。译文：The teacher has promised to give these student
3、s special tuition.分析：“吃小灶”在这里指的是“个别辅导”。2.词类转换(1)动词名词 英语动词受到形态变化规则的严格限制，大量本应该由动词 表达的概念，常需借助于名词，因为名词不受形态规则的束 缚，使用相对灵活、方便。原文：吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。译文：Youll be full of praise while eating the first two main courses.分析：英语中有大量抽象名词表示行为或动作意义 advice,agreement,inheritance,knowledge,praise,use等。以上例句借助抽象名词表达了特定的行为动作，译
4、文也 显得较为地道。(2)动词介词 介词与名词密切相关，英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也频 繁出现，而且英语中有些介词本身就是由动词演变来的。汉译英时，有些动词可以用介词来表达。原文：人们常用剪纸美化环境。译文：People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.(3)动词形容词 汉语的一些动词常常用形容词来表达，这些形容词通常是 与动词同源的词（如dreamful,doubtful,sympathetic 等），这样的译文有时会更地道、标准。原文：在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。译文：It was widespread particularly
5、during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.(4)形容词或副词名词 由于语法结构的修辞的需要，汉语的形容词和副词也可以 转译成英语的名词。原文:.只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。译文：.leaving these living things to enjoy this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom.（(5)名词动词 汉语的名词由英语的动词表达，此时汉语中修饰名词的形 容词也随之改为英语中作状语使用的副词。原文：大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。译文：People,poor or rich,are equa
6、lly favored by Nature.（3.词的增补(1)语法需要 由于汉英两种语言的差异，汉译英时往往需要补充汉语里省去的词语或没有的词类，使译文符合英语语法的要求。增补的词多为冠词（英语所特有）、代词或名词（充当句子的主语、宾语、定语等成分）、连词和介词等。原文：农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多。译文：People in the agriculture society enjoyed far less than people in the industry society,thus their desires are far less either.分析：英语中
7、用的最多的介词有at,by,for,from,in,of,on,to和with九个。这些介词是连接英语句子的重要纽带，在英语中起着极其重要的作用。汉译英时，要根据上下文搭配灵活地选择介词。(2)意思表达需要原文：这是黄河滩上的一幕。译文：This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River.分析：增译taking place 短语，使译文更为生动贴切。(3)文化背景解释的需要中西文化差异的存在使得英语和汉语包含着许多文化色彩浓厚且不易为译文读者所理解的词语。在翻译过程中需要使用增词译法把相关文化背景知识翻译出来。原文：三个臭
8、皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。译文：The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang,the master mind.4.词的省略把原文中一些仅为语法需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略，达到译文通顺、意思完整、句子精练的目的。原文：于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。译文：Then happiness turns to anger,praise to scolding and nit-piking,and head-nodding to head-shaking.(删除重复的谓语动词)5.词的代替汉译英时可用替代的方法
9、来避免重复，英语中主要有三种替代现象：名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。(1)名词成分替代 用代词替代重复出现的名词 原文：有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。译文：A place with water and fish is necessarily blessed with a nice setting,which in return keeps people in good mood.用名词性替代词替代重复出现的名词 可用于替代的此类名词包括enough,half,the same,the kind,the sort,the former,the latter,the
10、 issue 等。原文：你最喜欢哪个男孩？最高的那个男孩。译文：-Which boy do you like best?-The tallest one.同义词替代 同义词替代指用不同名词来表示同一个人或事物，常是概括词（generic term）和下属词（specific word）之间的替换。如用the furniture 替代table，用vehicle 替代car，用the animal 替代horse 等，以免重复。原文：另外一种方法是化学方法。译文：Another method is the chemical approach.(2)谓语成分替代 可用于代替重复出现的动词，或整个谓
11、语部分。此类替代词包括do 及其搭 配do so,do it,do that,do this,do the same 等，替代句型包括so do/be/will+主语、so+主语+do/be/will、as be+主语等。原文：我不愿为占用你的时间而道歉，我占用你的时间是有道理的。译文：I will not apologize for trespassing on your time.I have a good reason for doing so/that.原文：他说他很勤奋，他确实很勤奋。译文：You say he is diligent,so he is.原文：成绩有两重性，错误也有两
12、重性。译文：Achievement has a dual character,and so do mistakes.（3）分句替代 用替代词so/not 来替代充当宾语的that 从句；用 if so 或if not 替 代条件状语从句；用so 代替整个从句。原文；明天会下雨吗？我想不会/会下雨。译文：-Will it rain tomorrow?-I guess not/so.原文：你会来出席会议吗？假如不出席会议，请及早 通知我们。译文：Will you come to attend the meeting?If not,please notice us as soon as possib
13、le.英语四级段落翻译常用词汇：中国社会 多元文化论 cultural pluralism文化适应 acculturation社会保障 social security班车 shuttle bus相定迁户 a relocated unit or household大龄青年 single youth above the normal matrimonial age独生子女 the only child in a family单亲 single parent福利彩票 welfare lotteries家政服务 household management service民工 migrant labore
14、rs 农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labor/laborers青春期 puberty全民健身运动 nationwide fitness campaign全国人口普查 nationwide census社会保险 social insurance暂住证 temporary residence permit/card青少年犯罪 juvenile delinquency性骚扰 sexual harassment走私 smuggling性别歧视 gender/sexual discrimination年龄歧视 age discrimination工作歧视 job discriminati
15、on 享乐主义hedonism文盲 illiteracy贫富分化 disparity between the rich and the poor盗版 pirated/illegal copies一国两制 One Country,Two Systems三个代表 the Three Represents Theory两会(人大、政协)Two Conferences(NPC and CPPCC)南南合作 South-South Cooperation南北对话 North-South Dialog人大常委会 Peoples Congress Standing Committee法制观念 awarene
16、ss of law法制国家 a country with an adequate legal system 改革开放 reform and opening-up公务员 civil servants官僚主义作风 the bureaucratic style of work和谐并存 harmonious coexistence计划生育 family planning计划生育基本国策 the basic state policy of family planning精神文明建设 the construction of spiritual civilization居委会 neighborhood co
17、mmittee科教兴国 national rejuvenation through science and education 可持续发展 sustainable development廉洁高效 honesty and high efficiency两岸关系 cross-straits relations两岸谈判 cross-straits negotiations领土完整 territorial integrity民族精神 national spirit普选制 general election system求同存异 seek common ground while shelving diff
18、erences人大代表NPC member物质文明和精神文明 material and spiritual civilization 可持续发展 sustainable development廉洁高效 honesty and high efficiency两岸关系 cross-straits relations两岸谈判 cross-straits negotiations领土完整 territorial integrity民族精神 national spirit普选制 general election system求同存异 seek common ground while shelving d
19、ifferences人大代表NPC member物质文明和精神文明 material and spiritual civilization 小康社会 a well-off society小康水平 a well-off standard一个中国原则 the one-China principle与时俱进 keep pace with the times综合国力 overall national strength共同愿望common desire“走出去”(战略)going global不结盟 non-alignment单边主义 unilateralism多边政策 multilateralism多
20、极世界 multipolar world 人口老龄化 aging of population人口出生率birth rate社区月服务 community service道德法庭 court of ethics盗用公款embezzlement成人夜校 night school for adults在职进修班 on-job training courses政治思想教育 political and ideological education毕业生分配 graduate placement;assignment of graduate充电 update ones knowledge 初等教育 elem
21、entary education大学城 college town大学社区 college community高等教育 higher education高等教育“211 工程”the“211 Project”for higher education高等学府 institution of higher education综合性大学 comprehensive university文科院校 colleges of(liberal)arts理工科大学 college/university of science and engineering师范学院 teachers college;normal co
22、llege 高分低能 high scores and low abilities高考(university/college)entrance examination高校扩招 the college expansion plan教育界 education circle教育投入 input in education九年义务教育 nine-year compulsory education考研 take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools课外活动 extracurricular activities必修课 required/compulsory c
23、ourse选修课 elective/optional course基础课 basic courses专业课 specialized courses 课程表 school schedule教学大纲 teaching program;syllabus学习年限 period of schooling学历 record of formal schooling学分 credit启发式教学 heuristic teaching人才交流 talent exchange人才战 competition for talented people商务英语证书 Business English Certificate(
24、BEC)适龄儿重入学率 enrollment rate for children of school age升学率 proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade;英语四级段落翻译常用词汇：中国历史与文化 京剧 Peking opera秦腔 Qin opera功夫Kungfo太极Tai Chi口 技 ventriloquism木偶戏puppet show皮影戏 shadowplay折子戏 opera highlights杂技 acrobatics相声 witty dialogue comedy刺绣 embroidery苏绣 S
25、uzhou embroidery泥人 clay figure 书法 calligraphy中国画 traditional Chinese painting水墨画 Chinese brush painting中国结 Chinese knot中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China火药 gunpowder印刷术printing造纸术 paper-making指南针 the compass青铜器 bronze ware瓷器 porcelain;china唐三彩 tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dy
26、nasty景泰蓝cloisonne 秋千swing武术 martial arts儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化 Confucian culture道教 Taoism墨家Mohism法家 Legalism佛教 Buddhism孔子 Confucius孟子 Mencius老子 Lao Tzu庄子 Chuang Tzu墨子 Mo Tzu孙子Sun Tzu 象形文字 pictographic characters文房四宝(笔墨纸观)the Four Treasures of the Study(brush,ink stick,paper,and ink stone)大学The Great L
27、earning中庸The Doctrine of the Mean论语The Analects of Confucius孟子The Mencius孙子兵法The Art of War三国演义Three Kingdoms西游爷己Journey to the West红楼梦Dream of the Red Mansions水浒传Heroes of the Marshes山海经The Classic of Mountains and Rivers资治通鉴History as a Mirror春秋The Spring and Autumn Annals史记Historical Records诗经The
28、 Book of Songs易经The I Ching;The Book of Changes礼记The Book of Rites三字经Three-character Scriptures八股文 eight-part essay五言绝句 five-character quatrain七言律诗 seven-character octave旗袍 cheongsam中山装 Chinese tunic suit唐装 Tang suit风水 Fengshui;geomantic omen阳历 Solar calendar阴历 Lunar calendar闰年 leap year十二生肖zodiac春节
29、 the Spring Festival元宵节 the Lantern Festival清明节 the Tomb-sweeping Day端午节 the Dragon-boat Festival中秋节 the Mid-autumn Day重阳节 the Double-ninth Day七夕节 the Double-seventh Day春联 spring couplets庙会 temple fair爆竹 firecracker年画(traditional)New Year pictures压岁钱 New Year gift-money舞龙dragon dance元宵 sweet sticky
30、rice dumplings花灯 festival lantern灯谜 lantern riddle舞狮 lion dance踩高跷 stilt walking赛龙舟 dragon boat race胡同hutong山东菜 Shandong cuisine川菜 Sichuan cuisine粤菜 Canton cuisine扬州菜 Yangzhou cuisine月饼 moon cake年糕 rice cake油条 deep-fried dough sticks豆浆 soybean milk馒头 steamed buns花卷 steamed twisted rolls包子 steamed st
31、uffed buns北京烤鸭 Beijing roast duck拉面 hand-stretched noodles馄饨 wonton(dumplings in soup)豆腐 tofu bean curd麻花 fried dough twist烧饼 clay oven rolls皮蛋 100-year egg;century egg蛋炒饭 fried rice with egg糖葫芦 tomatoes on sticks火锅hot pot长城 the Great Wall of China烽火台 beacon tower秦士台皇陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinsh
32、ihuang兵马俑 Terracotta Warriors and Horses大雁塔 Big Wild Goose Pagoda丝绸之路the Silk Road敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes华清池 Huaqing Hot Springs苏州园林 Suzhou gardens西湖 West Lake九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou Valley日月潭 Sun Moon Lake布达拉宫Potala Palace鼓楼 drum tower四合院 quadrangle;courtyard complex孔庙 Confucius Temple乐山大佛 Leshan Giant Buddha十八
33、罗汉 the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha喇嘛Lama1.中华文明博大精深、源远流长。The Chinese civilization is extensive and profound,and has a long history.2.和睦相处、彼此尊重、共求发展seek common development in a harmonious and respectful relationship3.相互学习，取长补短learn from each others strengths to offset their own weaknesses4.保持本民族的
34、鲜明特色withhold distinctive national characteristics5.丰富民族的文化enrich national cultures6.中国的一些思想学说在世界思想史上占有重要的地位。The various schools of thought occupy a very important position in the world history of philosophy.定语的次序在汉语中，几个定语连用的时候，习惯上把最能表明事物本质的放在最前面，距离中心词较远；英语则相反，越能表明事物基本性质的定语，越要靠近中心词。1.表示产地的较远，表示原材料的较近
35、。这是国产毛毯。This is a homemade woolen blanket.2.表示时间概念的词较远。一个白发苍苍的老教授。an old and white-haired professor国际经济新秩序a new international economic order 3.数词较远，表性质的词较近。50名可爱的孩子the fifty lovely children4.表次要性质的词较远，主要性质的较近医学上的重大发明the great medical invention难分主次的，短单词在前，长的在后勤劳勇敢的中国人民the brave hard-working Chinese p
36、eople 二.翻译技巧英汉语言对比主语与话题1.现在全世界各地都在学习中国功夫。2.食堂今天吃饺子。英汉语言对比一.主语与话题1.现在全世界各地都在学习中国功夫。Nowadays,Chinese kung fu is being learned all across the world.2.食堂今天吃饺子。Jiaozi are served in the canteen today.翻译技巧之主语选择应对策略：1.选择与话题相关的主语，并考虑主谓搭配的合理性五大基本句子结构SV：The river runs.SVC：He looks strong.SVO：He painted a pictu
37、re.SVOO：He gave me a medical handbook.SVOC：They made him their team leader.例题：1.茶的品种不同，制法也不同。例题：1.茶的品种不同，制法也不同。Tea differs/varies in types and methods of production.例题：2.最能代表中国功夫的是太极拳。Tai chi is the best representative of kung fu.Tai chi represent kung fu in the best way.Give it a go!1 中国文化认为龙是负责降雨的
38、神仙（immortal),象征着帝王和权力。Give it a go!1 中国文化认为龙是负责降雨的神仙（immortal),象征着帝王和权力。Dragon is regarded as the immortal of rainfalls in Chinese culture and symbolizes the emperor and power.Give it a go!1.中国人交朋友，最重要的原则是“诚”和“信”。2.中国人交朋友，最重要的原则是“诚”和“信”。中国人交朋友要坚持的最重要的原则是诚和信。Chinese people try to maintain two most im
39、portant principles:sincerity and faithfulness in making friends.冒号和破折号的用法当句子中要列举事物，一个解释性的分句时可以用冒号或者破折号They were all there-Daisy,old Trevor,Martin,and even Hilary.You cant count on him to help:he is such a busy man.英汉语言对比 二.主语的物称与人称例题1：经过调查，我们得出了结论。Investigation led us to the conclusion.二.主语的物称与人称例题2
40、：职责所在，我不能临阵脱逃。二.主语的物称与人称例题2：职责所在，我不能临阵脱逃。My duty forbids me to fly from danger.Give it a go!1.过年时，人们在家门上都贴上了春联。Give it a go!1.过年时，人们在家门上都贴上了春联。New Year couplets are put on the doors of every family in Spring Festival.英汉语言对比被动与主动1.我也许是太自私了，也许是被别的东西迷住了眼睛。我也许太自私了，也许是别的东西迷了我的眼睛。2.上身的衣服完全被打湿了。上身的衣服完全打湿了。
41、被动语态的翻译无主句无主句话题为物称话题为物称Give it a go!1.由于中国功夫的发展，产生了中国人的侠义(chivalrous)精神。With the development of Chinese kung fu,a chivalrous spirit was adopted in China.2.每年一度由政府主办的艺术嘉年华为当地艺术家提供了广阔的平台。An annual art carnival hosted by the government has provided a broad stage for local artists.3.文章总算写完了。The article
42、has finally been finished.静态与动态英语倾向多用名词，汉语倾向多用动词。例题1：今天的中国虽然取得了巨大的发展成就，但任然是世界上最大的发展中国家。Despite tremendous growth in modern China,the country is still the largest developing country in the world.Give it a go!消除战争，实现和平，建设独立富强、民生幸福的国家，是近代以来中国人民孜孜以求的奋斗目标。Give it a go!消除战争，维护和平，建设独立富强、民生幸福的国家，是（中国人民最终的）奋
43、斗目标。消除eliminate维护maintain建设establish独立independent富强prosperousThe elimination of wars,the maintenance of peace and the establishment of an independent and prosperous country are the ultimate goal of the Chinese people.名词化现象1.The ministry appointed Johnson as director of this department,so he was happ
44、y.=The oppointment of Johnson by the ministry as director of this department made him happy.2.The police investigated the matter.=The police conducted an into the matter.3.They were narrow-minded and I dont like it.=I dont like their .1.The ministry appointed Johnson as director of this department,s
45、o he was happy.=The oppointment of Johnson by the ministry as director of this department made him happy.2.The police investigated the matter.=The police conducted an investigation into the matter.3.They were narrow-minded and I dont like it.=I dont like their narrow-mindedness.动词转化为名词suffix changes
46、examples-ance/ancyallow-allowance-ence/encyexist-existence-(s,t)ionpermit-permission-agemarry-marriage-mentmanage-management-s(t)ureexpose-exposure-(e)rydiscover-discovery动词转化为名词suffix changesexamplesexercise-ance/ancyallow-allowanceappear-ence/encyexist-existencepersist-(s,t)ionpermit-permissionapp
47、licant-agemarry-marriagebond-mentmanage-managementemploy-s(t)ureexpose-exposuredepart-(e)rydiscover-discoveryrecover形容词转化为名词suffix changesexamples-nesssad-sadness-itystupid-stupidityentence/encyconsequent-consequenceantance/ancyvacant-vacancyableablility probable-probabilitysuffix changesexamples ex
48、ercise-nesssad-sadnessrough-itystupid-stupiditysecureentence/encyconsequent-consequencefluentantance/ancyvacant-vacancyvariantableablility probable-probabilityirrevocable形容词转化为名词suffix changesexamplesateacy/ationaccurate-accuracyic-icsathletic-athletics-(i)tudeapt-aptitude-ismcritic-criticismt(s)ive
49、-tioncommunicative-communication形容词转化为名词suffix changesexamples exerciseateacy/ationaccurate-accuracyadequateic-icsathletic-athleticsgymnastic-(i)tudeapt-aptitudegrateful-ismcritic-criticismsocialt(s)ive-tioncommunicative-communicationattractiveprogressive形容词转化为名词Give it a go!1.医生到得很早，护士很高兴。The docto
50、rs early arrival pleased the nurse.2.一见到那孩子，我就想到他父母。The sight of that child reminds me of his parents.3.中国人重视孝道，是由于传统上不看重功利（be attributable to)Chinese peoples emphasis on filial piety is attributable to their traditional neglect of material gain.4.中国人发明了火药，却从来没有制造枪炮侵略别人。Chinese people invented gunpo
