1、1Oncology:Basic ConceptsStudents Study Guide2What is ONCOLOGY?An area/branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of cancer.Onco=onkos(Greek)=tumor-logy=study of ONCOLOGIST=specialist in Oncology3What is CANCER?It refers to a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and
2、spread of abnormal cells(American Cancer Society ACS).1.They stop growing when they come in contact with each other.2.They stay in the same organ.Normal cell behavior4CANCER CELLSCancer cells keeps on dividing and growing.They produce masses of tissue known as tumors or neoplasms.(Uncontrolled growt
3、h)Finally,they also spread to other organs(metastasis)NEOPLASIA:The process of abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells(NEOPLASTIC=adj)5EXAMPLES OF CANCERbreast cancerprostate cancerlung canceresophageal cancergastric cancercolorectal cancer6WHAT CAUSES CANCER?CARCINOGEN(CARCINOGENIC-Adj)-a substan
4、ce or agent that causes cancerHOW?By causing PERMANENT and IRREPARABLE(cannot be repaired)damage in the genetic material.GENETIC MUTATION(mutation=change)7aONCOGENES genes that can cause cancerSUPPRESSOR GENES-genes that can stop cancer8CANCER CELLS1.May be repaired2.Cell dies3.Cell is killedIf notP
5、ERMANENTv continue to growv invade other tissuesor organsthen 9TYPES OF TUMORSBenignMalignant(cancer or malignancy)11223.have a capsule(encapsulated)3.no capsule(thats why they spread)4.cells are anaplastic(immature)anaplasia has not undergone G&D4.cells are usually diffentiated(mature)differentiati
6、on G&D10Types of Malignant Tumors/CancerCARCINOMACELLS THAT COVER EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL SURFACES(EPITHELIAL CELLS)LUNGBREASTCOLONSARCOMASUPPORTING AND SOFT TISSUES OF THE BODYBONE,CARTILAGEMUSCLEFATLYPHOMASOLID CANCERS OF THE TISSUES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM(DEFENSE SYSTEM)LYMPH NODES(淋巴腺淋巴腺,)LEUKEMIACA
7、NCER OF THE BLOOD CELLS WHITE BLOOD CELLS11NAMING TUMORSORGAN AFFECTEDBENIGNMALIGNANTAdd the suffix-OMADepends on the classificationSecretory epithelium(gland)ADENOMAADENOCARCINOMABONESKELETAL MUSCLESMOOTH MUSCLEOSTEOMARHABDOMYOMALEIOMYOMAOSTEOGENIC SARCOMARHABDOMYOSARCOMALEIOMYOSARCOMALYMPH NODESHO
8、DGKINS LYMPHOMABLOOD GRANULARNONGRANULAR-MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA12EFFECTS OF TUMORS/CANCER13EFFECTS OF BENIGN TUMOR Compression ObstructionDeformity They ddo not spread.Effects are usually not fatal.cystic hygroma14Effects Of Malignant Tumors(1)Physical effectsCompression Obstruc
9、tionDeformity15Effects Of Malignant Tumors(2)poor nutrition(cancer cells steal the nutrients from the body)wasting(cachexia)gets sick easily16Effects Of Malignant Tumors(3)Damage to other organsDifferent symptoms will appear depending on the organ affected.hematogenous(blood)lymphatic(lymph nodes)Ma
10、lignant tumors are usually fatal.17DETECTING TUMORS18Cancers Seven Warning Signals Cancers Seven Warning Signals(ACS)(ACS)CChange in bowel or bladder habitsAA sore that does not healUUnusual bleeding or dischargeTThickening or lump in the breast orelsewhereIIndigestion or difficulty in swallowingOOb
11、vious change in a wart or moleNNagging cough or hoarsenessNote:highly unspecific,diagnosis of a benign tumor is more probable19EXAMPLES OF HOW TO DETECT TUMORS BY PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONBreast ExamDigital Rectal Exam20LABORATORY PROCEDURESX-raycomputed tomography(CT scan)ultrasoundImaging studiesmagnet
12、ic resonance imaging(MRI)21VISUALIZATION PROCEDUREScolon cancerbronchial/lung cancerscopy endoscopic examscope instrument used22Biochemical StudiesSome tumors release substances(enzymes)Into body fluids(blood,urine).Doctors determine the level of these substances to detect tumors/cancer.prostate spe
13、cific antigen(prostate cancer)23Biopsy and Histopathologic ExaminationNOTE:A BIOSY with HISTOPATHOLOGIC STUDIES is the gold standard for diagnosing cancer/tumors.(Gold standard=the best or no.1)(determines the GRADE of the tumor/cancer)Histopathologic examTissue sampling24GRADING OF TUMORSGRADE how
14、mature the cells areDIFFERENTATION growth and development of the cellsDifferentiated(mature)good prognosisundifferentiated or anaplastic(immature)bad prognosisGleasons criteria is used to grade prostate cancer.25STAGING OF TUMORSSTAGE tells us how far the tumor has grown and spreadTNM ClassificationT TUMOR growth N involvement of lymph nodesM metastasisSubscripts:IS in situ(in its place)1-4=growth or involvementT1NoMoT4N2M126TREATMENT FOR CANCERRadiotherapyChemotherapySurgeryMultimodality(Multi many)(modes methods/ways)27Hospice Care-end of life care for the terminally ill 28THANK YOU!
