1、Grammar Learning 句子成分句子成分定义定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分:主语和谓语主要成分:主语和谓语次要成分:表语、宾语、定语、状语、次要成分:表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语、插入语补足语、同位语、插入语1.I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语主语(主语(subject)定义:定义:位置:位置:句子叙述的主体句子说明的人或事物 一般位于句首Tips
2、:在there be 结构、疑问句(主语不是疑问词时)、倒装句中,主语则位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语(主语(subject)句子说明的人或事物句子说明的人或事物 Jane is good at playing the piano.She went out in a hurry.Four plus four is eight.To see is to believe.Smoking is bad for health.The young should respect the old.What he has said is true.(名词)(名词)(代词)(代词)(数词)(数词)(不定式
3、)(不定式)(动名词)(动名词)(名词化的形容词)(名词化的形容词)(句子)(句子)ps:一个一个to do不定式或者一个动名词作主语时,谓语动词用什么形不定式或者一个动名词作主语时,谓语动词用什么形式?式?谓语谓语说明主语的动作、状态和特征说明主语的动作、状态和特征1.简单谓语简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成由动词或动词词组组成I saw the flag on the top of the hill.He looked after two orphans.2.复合谓语:由情态动词或其他助动词复合谓语:由情态动词或其他助动词+动词动词原形原形You may keep the book for
4、2 weeks.He has caught a bad cold.(四)表语(四)表语位置:在系动词后的部分就是表语位置:在系动词后的部分就是表语作用:说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份。作用:说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份。The war was over.Our English teacher is an American.The speech is exciting.代词、形容词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词代词、形容词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、从句都可作表语。短语、从句都可作表语。(副词 状态)(名词 身份)(分词 特征)系动词的分类系动词的分类1)状态系动词()状态系动词(be
5、动词)动词)2)持续系动词)持续系动词 keep,remain,stay,stand3)表像系动词)表像系动词 seem,appear,look 4)感官系动词)感官系动词 feel,smell,sound,taste,look5)变化系动词)变化系动词 become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,run,come.6)终止系动词)终止系动词 prove,turn out,“证实证实”,“变成变成”Show your passport,please.She didnt say anything.How many do you want?-I want two.They sent
6、the injured to hospital.They asked to see my passport.I enjoy working with you.Did you write down what he said?(名词(名词)(代词)(数词数词)(名词化的形容词名词化的形容词)(三三)宾语宾语动作的对象或承受者动作的对象或承受者及物动词及物动词或介词的宾语或介词的宾语(不定式)见(不定式)见P66(动名词)见(动名词)见P69(句子,即宾(句子,即宾语从句)语从句)1.宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指直接宾语指物或事物或事,间接宾语指人或动物间接宾语指
7、人或动物.He gave me some books.They showed me some pictures.间接间接宾语宾语 直接直接宾语宾语 间接间接宾语宾语 直接直接宾语宾语 They elected him their monitor.I found the book interesting.Let the fresh air in.She asked me to lend her a hand.Do you smell something burning?We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make o
8、ur city what your city is now.2.复合宾语复合宾语即宾语补足语。有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外即宾语补足语。有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补足语,说明宾语的身份和状态以补,还要有一个宾语补足语,说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足,使句子的意义完整。宾语和宾补构成逻充其意义不足,使句子的意义完整。宾语和宾补构成逻辑上的主谓关系。辑上的主谓关系。(名词)(形容词)(介词)(不定式)P66(现在分词)(介词短语)(从句)(五)定语(五)定语修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句或从句 He is a clever b
9、oy.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.There are 54 students in our class.Do you know Bettys sister?There is a sleeping baby in bed.His spoken language is good.(形容词形容词)(代词代词)(数词数词)(名词的所有格名词的所有格)(现在分词现在分词)(过去分词过去分词)定语前置定语前置定语后置:定语后置:如果定语是由一个单词表示时,通常要如果定语是由一个单词表示时,通常要前置。而由一个词组或一个句子表示时,前置。而
10、由一个词组或一个句子表示时,通常则后置通常则后置The girl in red is his sister.We have a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do you know the man who spoke just now?(介词短语)(介词短语)(不定式短语)(不定式短语)(现在分词短语)(现在分词短语)(定语从句)(定语从句)(六)状语(六)状语状语的功能:状语说明地点、时间、状语的功能:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件、程度、方式和伴
11、随、让步,用来修饰动词、方式和伴随、让步,用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。形容词、副词或整个句子。I will be back in a while.They are playing on the playground.He was late because he got up late.He got up so late that I missed the train.(时间)(时间)(地点)(地点)(原因)(原因)(结果)(结果)(六)状语(六)状语状语的功能:状语说明地点、时间、状语的功能:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件、程度、方式和伴随、
12、让步,用来修饰动词、方式和伴随、让步,用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。形容词、副词或整个句子。I waited to see you.He often went to school by bus.His parents died,leaving him an orphan.Please call me if it is necessary.This book is very interesting.(目的)(目的)(方式)(方式)(伴随)(伴随)(条件)(条件)(程度)(程度)同位语同位语 对前面的名词或代词作进一步的解释,通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任。This is Mr.Zhou
13、,our headmaster.We students should study hard.同位语和宾语补足语的区别?同位语可有可无,宾补不能少。I found the book interesting.our headmasterstudents插入语插入语 对一句话作一些附件解释,通常由to be honest,I think(suppose,believe)等。In my opinion,he is an honest boy.Surely,you must finish the task by yourself.To tell you the truth,I dont want to
14、go with you.I think he will not come on time.(介词短语)(介词短语)(副词)(副词)(不定式)(不定式)(分句)(分句)To tell you the truthI think 句子结构句子结构简单句的五种基本类型:简单句的五种基本类型:主语主语+谓语谓语 (S+V)My head aches.主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语(S+V+P)The song sounds nice.主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语 (S+V+O)She knows French.主语主语+谓语谓语+间宾间宾+直宾直宾(S+V+O1+O2)He showed me a T
15、V set.主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾补宾补(S+V+O+C)They wont let me go.基本句型基本句型 一一 +(主谓)(主谓)1.Time 2.The sun 3.The man4.Everybodyflies.rises.cooked.laughed此句型中动词是不及物动词此句型中动词是不及物动词,能表达完整意思。能表达完整意思。主语可有修饰语主语可有修饰语-定语,谓语可有修饰语定语,谓语可有修饰语-状语,状语,如,如,The red sun rises in the east.基本句型 二 +(主系表)1.He 2.The dinner3.The weather i
16、s smellsbecame tall and strong.good.warmer.此句型中谓语动词是系动词,都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加此句型中谓语动词是系动词,都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语,才能表达完整的意思。上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语,才能表达完整的意思。系动词的分类?系动词的分类?系动词的分类系动词的分类1)状态系动词()状态系动词(be动词)动词)2)持续系动词)持续系动词 keep,remain,stay,stand3)表像系动词)表像系动词 seem,appear,look 4)感官系动词)感官系动词 feel,smell,sound,
17、taste,look5)变化系动词)变化系动词 become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,run,come.6)终止系动词)终止系动词 prove,turn out,“证实证实”,“变成变成”基本句型 三+(主谓宾)(及物动词)(及物动词)(宾语宾语)1.Who 2.She 3.I 4.I5.Iknows laugh at want dont knowenjoythe answer?her.to have a cup of tea.what to do.living here.此句型中的谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动此句型中的谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,是及物
18、动词,必须跟一个宾语,即动作的承受者作,是及物动词,必须跟一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。,才能使意思完整。基本句型 四+IO+(主谓间宾直宾)(及物)(及物)(多指人)(多指人)(多指物)(多指物)1.I 2.Heshowedboughthimme my pictures.a beautiful skirt.此句型中的谓语动词必须有两个宾语才能表达完整此句型中的谓语动词必须有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者(多的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者(多指物),另一个是动作的间接宾语(多指人)。指物),另一个是动作的间接宾语(多指人)。若要先说出直接宾语
19、,后说间接宾语,则要借助与若要先说出直接宾语,后说间接宾语,则要借助与介词介词to 或或for。He bought me a beautiful skirt.He bought a beautiful skirt for me.用用to侧重指动作的方向,表示朝着,向着,对着某人。侧重指动作的方向,表示朝着,向着,对着某人。用用for 侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人,替某人。侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人,替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有:常跟双宾语的动词有:(需借助(需借助 to的)的)bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send
20、,show,teach,tell,write,ask等等(需借助(需借助for的)的)buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing等。等。基本句型 五+(主谓宾宾补)(及物)(及物)(宾语)(宾语)(宾补)(宾补)1.We 2.They 3.We 4.I keep call asked saw the table supper him them clean.dinner.to come back soon.getting on the bus.此句型中谓语动词除了跟一个宾语外,还需跟一此句型中谓语动词除了跟一个宾语外,还需跟一个补充成分来
21、补足宾语,才能使意思完整。个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。Training and TestingExercises:分析句子结构分析句子结构1)You are a student.2)He felt happy today.3)He likes pop music.4)The sound sounds strange.5)The food tastes good.6)He gave me a book yesterday.Summary:课堂小结课堂小结句子成分句子成分定义定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分:主语和谓语主要成分:主语和谓语次要成分:表语、宾语、定语、状语、次要成分:表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语补足语、同位语五种基本句型五种基本句型