1、大纲要求1.了解泌尿系结石形成的原理,病因及常见的结石成分2.了解尿石症引起的病理生理改变3.掌握泌尿系各器官结石的主要症掌握泌尿系各器官结石的主要症状、诊断、治疗原则和预防状、诊断、治疗原则和预防1、流行病学因素(Epidemiologic factor)发病率(发病率(Incidence):2-3%性别(性别(Gender):男多于女,3:1年龄(年龄(Age):高发年龄25-40岁种族种族(Race/Ethnicity):地理和气候地理和气候(Geography and climate):职业(职业(Occupation):饮食和营养(饮食和营养(Food and nutrition):
2、水分摄入(水分摄入(Fluid Intake):疾病疾病(Disease):代谢性疾病(Metabolic Abnormality)概述概述Overview2 2、尿液改变、尿液改变(Alteration of urine)u成石(stone formation)物质增加u尿pH改变:pH 升高,磷酸镁铵、磷酸盐沉淀 pH 降低,尿酸和胱氨酸结晶u尿量减少(hypourocrinia concentration)u抑制结石形成的成分(solution product)减少u尿路感染(urinary tract infection)概述概述Overview3、解剖结构的异常(Abnormal o
3、f anatomic structure)概述概述 Overview肾乳头钙化caruncula papillariscalcif of 结石核心兰德尔(氏)肾钙斑(Randalls plaques)解剖结构的异常(Abnormal of anatomic structure)憩室(diverticulum)狭窄(stricture)梗阻(obstruction)髓质海绵肾(medullary sponge kidney)尿路畸形(anomaly)尿路感染(urinary tract infection)成石加速。尿路疾病(diseases of urinary tract):尿液滞留尿液滞留
4、(urine stagnation)u 最常见泌尿外科疾病。上尿路结石增多,原发于膀胱的结石明显减少。90%的尿路结石不再开放手术治疗。概述概述Overviewu 草酸盐(carbonite)为主的结石成因不明。结石的成因:i.盐过饱和结晶;ii.抑制石成分少减;iii.尿路的通畅程度和粘膜表面性质改变。u磷酸盐结石(phosphatic calculus)感染和梗阻u尿酸结石(uric acid calculus)尿酸代谢异常u胱氨酸结石(cystine calculus)家族遗传性结石成因结石成因概述结石成分及特性 成分:多种盐类混合形成 草酸钙(Cal.Oxalate):硬,粗糙,不规则
5、,棕褐色 Radiopaque概述结石成分及特性u磷酸钙(Cal.Phosphate):脆,粗糙,不规则,灰白色 Radiopaque概述结石成分及特性尿酸(Uric Acid):硬,光滑,类圆,黄色。Radioparent概述结石成分及特性胱氨酸结石u胱氨酸(Cystine):光滑,淡黄色,蜡样外观。RadioparentOverview:Pathophysiological Change of Calculus 损伤(损伤(Injuries):hematuria,Infection,stricture 感染(感染(Infection):pelvis,renal parenchyma,per
6、inephric infection 梗阻(梗阻(Obstruction):hydronephrosis renal insufficiency 肿瘤肿瘤(Neoplasma):Squamous cell Car.结石在形成过程中可导致以下问题:结石在形成过程中可导致以下问题:上尿路结石上尿路结石Upper Urinary Tract Calculus(Renal-Ureteral Stone)临床表现临床表现 Clinical Presentations1.疼痛疼痛(Pain)1)肾绞痛()肾绞痛(Renal colic)2)腰部钝痛)腰部钝痛(Flank dull pain)2.血尿:肉眼
7、血尿血尿:肉眼血尿(gross hematuria)镜下血尿镜下血尿(microscopic hematuria)上尿路结石临床表现Clinical Presentations Clinical Presentations 3.感染:膀胱刺激症(irritative symptoms of bladder:frequency,urgency,dysuria)4.肾功能衰竭(renal failure):见于双侧尿路结石引起梗阻(Due to obstruction of bilateralis of urinary tract calculus)诊断诊断(Diagnosis)1、病史体检、病史
8、体检(History and Examination)血尿(blood urine):疼痛(pain):vague pain/colic pain体检(examination):sensitive to percussionrenal region,pain of the tenderness point of ureter鉴别诊断(Differential diagnosis)胆囊炎/结石Cholecystitis/Gall stone 阑尾炎Appendicitis 卵巢囊肿蒂扭转Torsion of ovarian cyst 异位妊娠Ectopic pregnancy 卵泡黄体破裂 盆腔
9、炎(pelvic inflammation)2、化验室检查、化验室检查肉眼血尿(gross hematuria)镜下血尿(microscope hematuria)感染性结石(Infection Stones):白细胞增多(leukocytosis)或脓尿(pyuria)尿培养(urine culture)阳性(positive)代谢性疾病(Metabolic disease):测定血和尿的钙(calcium)、磷(phosphonium)、尿酸(uric acid)、草酸(oxalic acid)诊断诊断(Diagnosis)3、影像学检查、影像学检查(Imageology examinat
10、ion)(1)B超检查适应症(indication of ultrasonic inspection):诊断诊断(Diagnosis)确诊结石的主要手段 Major means of final diagnosisRadioparent calculusSupersensitivity of contrast agentPregnant womanRenal inadequacyGuide to PCN诊断诊断(Diagnosis)(2)X线检查首选检查(i)尿路平片)尿路平片(Kidney ureter bladder,KUB):首选(first choice)检查,95%可确诊,初步定位(
11、ii)静脉性尿路造影)静脉性尿路造影(Intravenous pyelography,IVU),定位,形态,梗阻,肾功能,确定阴性结石,治疗方案选择诊断诊断(Diagnosis)(iii)逆行造影()逆行造影(retrograde pyelography)B超和IVU不能达到定位目的或结石以下尿路情况不明时。X线引导的经皮肾穿刺诊断诊断(Diagnosis)(4)CT检查适应症适应症(Indication):非首选,主要鉴别充盈缺损(filling defect)(阴性结石、肿瘤、血块)是否属于结石。了解有无肾脏畸形,复杂结石的空间位置关系,3D重建(3-D reconstitution),确
12、定经皮肾通道诊断诊断(Diagnosis)上尿路结石诊断(5)放射性核素肾显像)放射性核素肾显像(radioactive nuclide renal imaging)评价治疗前后的肾功能,作分肾功能测定 4 4、内腔镜内腔镜(Endoscope):Cystoscopy/Ureteroscopy平片未显示结石,但IVU或逆行造影有充盈缺损,其他检查不能明确者上尿路结石治疗 依据结石性质、位置、大小和泌尿系统形态学差异采取个体化治疗(individualized treatment)。方法:保守治疗(conservation management)体外冲击波碎石(Extracoroporeal s
13、hock wave lithotripsy)腔内碎石取石(Intracavitary lithotripsy and lithotomy)开放手术治疗(Open surgical therapy)治疗(治疗(Treatment)1、保守治疗(Conservative Therapy)结石大小将决定能否排石治疗。0.4cm,光滑,成功率:90%。结石小于结石小于0.6cm,排石,排石治疗治疗 (1)肾绞痛的治疗:)肾绞痛的治疗:度冷丁(dolantin),阿托品(atropine),654-,黄体酮(luteohormone),吲哚美辛(indomethacin)等 下段结石可试用a-R阻滞剂(
14、a-receptor block agent)(盐酸坦索罗辛)(2)大量饮水()大量饮水(hydroposia),中药排石中药排石(removing urinary calculus using Chinese medicine)(3)控制感染控制感染排石(removing urinary calculus)治疗方法:治疗(治疗(Treatment)病因治疗病因治疗(Etiological treatment)甲旁亢(hyperparathyroidism):切除腺瘤(excision adenoma)尿路畸形(urinary tract anomaly):矫正畸形(correction of
15、 the defect),取出结石(removal calculus)尿路梗阻(urinary obstruction):解除梗阻,取出结石(removal the obstruction and the calculus)治疗(治疗(Treatment)药物治疗(drug treatment)尿酸结石:碱化尿液(alkalify urine)(枸橼酸钾,重碳酸钠)、减少尿酸形成、饮食调整胱氨酸结石:碱化尿液、a-巯丙酰甘氨酸/乙酰半胱氨酸、卡托普利治疗(治疗(Treatment)感染性结石:口服氯化铵(take orally ammonium chloride)一般性预防:大量饮水,饮食调整
16、(减少含磷食物,限制磷吸收氢氧化铝凝胶)原理(Principle):冲击波液电效应2、体外冲击波碎石(Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy ESWL)治疗(治疗(Treatment)治疗(治疗(Treatment)ESWL适应症(Indication of ESWL):肾输尿管上段2.0cm(2009版指南)的结石,排除了排石和结石碎片分散的不利因素ESWL禁忌症(Contraindication of ESWL):结石远端(distal end)梗阻,妊娠,出血倾向(hemorrhagic tendency),严重心血管疾病,戴起搏器,尿路感染,血肌酐高
17、于265mol/L,育龄(reproductive life)妇女下段输尿管结石。体重过大,肾脏位置过高,畸形,结石不能定位治疗(治疗(Treatment)ESWL中要考虑的问题:结石性质(胱氨酸结石草酸结石)过渡肥胖者(hyperadiposity)结石是否嵌顿(incarceration)结石是否已导致患侧肾功能明显受损者治疗(治疗(Treatment)ESWL并发症血尿haematuria绞痛colic pain发热fever心律紊乱cardiac dysrhythmia“石街”形成stone street formting皮肤损伤skin destruction肾实质损害renal p
18、arenchyma injuries肾周血肿perirenal hematoma远期并发症long-term complication治疗(治疗(Treatment)2000 shocks at 24 kV by a Dornier HM3 lithotripter,examined 4 hours SWL with 1200 shocks at 22 kV 3、腔内治疗(intracavitary therapy)(1)经皮肾镜碎石取石(percutaneous nephrostolithotomy,PCNL)治疗(治疗(Treatment)治疗(治疗(Treatment)X线引导的经皮肾穿
19、刺(percutaneous nephrostolithotomy)治疗(治疗(Treatment)输尿管镜(兼作肾镜)和取石钳筋膜扩张器(fascial dilators)和薄皮鞘(Peel-sheat)气压弹道碎石机钬激光碎石机监视系统治疗(治疗(Treatment)气压弹道碎石钬激光碎石治疗(治疗(Treatment)治疗前治疗后?PCNLESWLPCNL经皮肾镜碎石取石术(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL)大于等于2.0cm的肾盂结石,肾下盏结石,尤其是结石远端梗阻、ESWL失败(质硬,残留)、代谢性疾病所致结石以及L3水平以上的输尿管结石。治疗(治疗
20、(Treatment)适应症(indication of PCNL)经皮肾镜碎石取石术禁忌症(Counterindication of PCNL)上尿路结石治疗疑血功能障碍(coagulation disorders)、造影剂过敏(hypersusceptibility to contrast agent)、过度肥胖(hyperadiposity)经皮肾镜碎石取石术并发症(Complication of PCNL)Laceration of renal parenchymaPerforation of pelvisHaemorrhagPeakage of urineArterio-venous
21、 fistulaInjuries of periphery organ3、腔内治疗(2)输尿管镜取石碎石(Ureteroscopic lithotripsy and lithotomy)治疗(治疗(Treatment)治疗(治疗(Treatment)中下段输尿管结石(stone in midst and inferior segment of ureter),ESWL失败者,阴性结石(radioparent calculus),“石街”(stone street)治疗输尿管镜碎石取石禁忌症(Contraindication of URL)Extenuation specially of ure
22、terUreter stenosisUreter distortion severelyHyperadiposityHemorrhagic tendency治疗(治疗(Treatment)输尿管镜碎石取石的适应症(Indication of URL)并发症(Complicatons of URL)Infection(retrograde infection)Trauma of ureter(false passage,perforate,laceration,even disrupt),Ureter strictureUreter obliterated Bladder-ureter refl
23、ux治疗(治疗(Treatment)(3)腹腔镜输尿管取石(laparoscopic ureterolithotomy,LUL)经腹腔(transperitonaeum)或经腹膜后(retroperitonaeum)腹腔镜取石适于治疗大于2cm的结石;ESWL或镜检取石失败者。治疗(治疗(Treatment)腹腔镜输尿管取石腹腔镜输尿管取石适应症(适应症(Indication of LUL)禁忌证(禁忌证(Contraindication of LUL)腹膜后广泛粘连,过度肥胖,结石过小5、开放手术(Open orperation)治疗(治疗(Treatment)pelviolithotomy
24、extrarenal pelvispelvis (2)肾实质切开取石术(nephrolithotomy)方法:a.肾实质段间切开取石b.前后段间线切开取石术c.由皮质变薄处切开取石术治疗(治疗(Treatment)适应症:肾盏结石,肾巨大鹿角形结石不宜不能行PCNL者。(3)肾部分切除术(heminephrectomy)适应症(Indication):结石在肾脏一极,实质萎缩或肾盏明显扩张有明显复发因素者。治疗(治疗(Treatment)(4)肾切除术(nephrectomy)适应症(Indication):结石已导致肾功能结构严重破坏对侧肾脏功能良好者适应症(Indication):结石嵌顿
25、久或其他方法无效(5)输尿管切开取石术(ureterolithotomy)双侧双侧上尿路结石治疗原则原则1.双肾结石:先做病变轻侧,功能好侧,结石少侧2.双肾结石:两肾功能均差:尽量保护肾功能,先做容易侧,手术影响小一侧3.一肾一输:先输后肾4.双侧输尿管结石:病情允许可同时取,否则先取梗阻严重一侧治疗(治疗(Treatment)上尿路结石的预防 (Prevention)Drink sufficient water to keep the urine volume about 2-3L/day.Eat natural fiber cereal.Limit their intake of oxa
26、late-rich foods.Do not add salt at the table.To avoid indulgence no more than 3 glasses of milk/day,also benefit the general health overall,by reducing the risk or hypertension,heart disease,and colon disease.下尿路结石Lower Urinary Tract Calculus(Vesical-Urethral Stone)膀胱结石(膀胱结石(Vesical Calculus)原发性(pri
27、mary)膀胱结石:见于营养不良小儿,现已 罕见。继发性(secondary)膀胱结石:见于膀胱出口梗阻,膀胱憩室,膀胱异物,肾结石排到膀胱等。临床表现(临床表现(Clinical Presentation):典型症状排尿突然中断伴疼痛,并放射,排尿困难,膀胱刺激症状(结石和感染引起)膀胱结石(膀胱结石(Vesical Calculus)诊断诊断(Diagnosis):X线检查-KUB,B超(同时检查)BPH,膀胱镜检查(同时治疗)治疗(治疗(treatment):膀胱镜同时碎石:液电,超声波,激光,气压弹道大力碎石钳;耻骨上膀胱切开取石术 Clinical features:排尿困难(dysuresia)伴疼痛 急性尿潴留(urinary retention)Diagnosis:前尿道结石可触及 后尿道结石B超和X线检查 Treatment:前尿道结石行直接取石 后尿道结石先送回膀胱再治疗尿道结石 Urethral Calculus