1、2021/2/21 Selected readings In English And American Litercatures Tracy_0823 2021/2/22Part one Old and Medieval English Literature 1.Old English Poetry and“Beowulf”(贝尔武夫)“Beowulf”the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and English people Alliteration(头韵）2.Middle English Literature and the Canterbury Tal
2、es The Romance(describing Geoffrey Chaucer the“father of English poetry”,“The Canterbury Tales”is Chaucers masterpiece(stories narrated by Pilgrims)he introduced rhymed to English poetry,instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.)2021/2/23 King Arthur Arthur and His Round Table Knights 2021/
3、2/24 Sir Gawain and the Green Knights2021/2/25The Renaissance Renaissance(14851660)The Background:the society was in its transition from the feudalism to capitalism.Revival or rebirth of classical arts,culture and philosophy after the dark ages of medieval The key word for it is humanism,emphasized
4、secular concerns,express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.Shakespeare,Spenser,and Marlowe are all famous literary figures in this period 2021/2/26 Utopia(socialism)2021/2/27Edmund Spenser(1552-1599)The shepheardes The shepheardes CalwnderCalwnder The Faerie QueeneThe Faerie Queene2021/2/28Chr
5、istopher Marlowe(1564-1593)1.University wits,the greatest pioneer of English drama2.a)Tamburlaine b)Doctor Faustus c)the jew of malta3.Verse consisting of unrhymed lines,usually of iambic pentameter.无韵诗，素体诗2021/2/29Francis Bacon培根培根(1561-1626)2021/2/210II.Bacons works“Advancement of Learning”学术的推进:“
6、New Instrument”:新工具 the inductive method of reasoning 3.“New Atlantics”:an ideal society 新大西岛4.“Essays”/58 essays论说文集 A wide variety of subjects:love,truth,friendship,beauty,studies,riches His style:clearness,brevity,force of expression his essays is an important landmark in the development of Engli
7、sh prose 2021/2/211William Shakespeare2021/2/212 the greatest English poet and dramatist 154 sonnets,37 plays,including 14 comedies,12 tragedies,and 11 historical plays,2 long poems.But for such a great writer,we have very little definite knowledge about his life.2021/2/213Shakespeares Tragedies(1)H
8、amlet(2)Othello(3)King Lear(4)Macbeth 2021/2/214 to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio,to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty,wit and loyalty,to expose the insatiable greed and brutality(Shylock)hesitate between fact and fiction,language and action To be,or not to be-to live on
9、 in this world or to die;to suffer or to take action Soliloquy or monologue-fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters 2021/2/215poetry1.Narrative poetry the epicthe romance popular ballads 2.Lyric poetry the elegy:a lyric poem lamenting the death of an individual.the ode:a lyric poem of cons
10、iderable length to sing in honor a person or a thing.It is serious in subject and formal in style.3.Dramatic poetry:dialogue in the drama2021/2/216Sonnet A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes.Rhyme:abab cdcd efef gg3 quatrains(3 four-line stanza)+1 couplet(2 l
11、ines)2021/2/217The period of the English Bourgeois Revolution Historical background:two revolutions:puritan revolution and glorious revolution the transition from the absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy 1.two literary schools of poets the school of Metaphysical the school of Cavaliers.2.the
12、 most important poet:John Milton 2021/2/218 Metaphysical Poetry（玄学派诗歌（玄学派诗歌)It is the poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poets who wrote in a similar style.dislike traditional poem Scholar,Highly abstract or theoretical;2021/2/219John Milton约翰约翰弥尔顿弥尔顿 (1)the last great poems Paradise
13、 Lost失乐园失乐园 Paradise Regained复乐园复乐园 Samson Agonistes.The two most essential things:Puritanism and his republicanism.the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf.the main idea of the poem is Satan is the real hero of the poem.Satan led a rebellion against God with his unco
14、nquerable will.2021/2/220John Bunyan(1628-1688)班扬 Puritan author His best known work,The Pilgrims Progress天路历程 a religious allegory 2021/2/2212021/2/222 3.The beginning of modern novel 4.Pre-romanticism in English poetry 5.English Drama(2021/2/223 2021/2/224 2021/2/2252021/2/226 2021/2/227The beginn
15、ing of modern novel ：2021/2/228Romanticism in Britain The New Literary Trend(1798-1832)1.Dissatisfaction with the society(1)A revolt against it(2)An escape from it 2.An introspection into ones inner world (attention on spiritual and emotional life)3.The passions of man and the beauties of nature 4.A
16、 period of poetical revival2021/2/229(1)The Romantic period is.(Blake ,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,Shelley,Keats)(2)The Romantic period is.Coleridge,Hazlitt,Lamb(3)This period is also.Walter Scott Scotts historical novels combine a romantic atmosphere with a realistic depiction of historical backgrou
17、nd and common peoples life.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period realism.2021/2/230 Symbolism 1.The earliest poems:Poetical sketches素描诗集 2.Songs of Innocence天真之歌 3.Songs of experience经验之歌 4.famous poem:The tigerLondonThe Chimney Sweeper2021/2/2312021/2/232II.Burns Poems1.Written
18、 in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗苏格兰方言诗集集 2.Songs of love and friendship-a new spirit of romanticism “A Red,Red Rose”一朵红红的玫瑰一朵红红的玫瑰 3The rural theme/Beauties of nature “My Hearts in the Highlands”我的心呀在高原我的心呀在高原 2021/2/233Samuel Taylor Coler
19、idge(1772-1834)柯勒律治 Poetic and critic“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”1798古舟子咏“Kubla Khan”1816忽必烈汗 Wordsworth and Coleridges s抒情歌谣集 2021/2/234William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯 Wordsworths poems1.“Lucy”-harmony between humanity and nature露西组诗(She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways）2.“The Solitary Reaper”-pathetic
20、 pictures of the labouring people孤寂的刈麦人 3.“I wondered lonely as a cloud”-deep love for nature2021/2/235George Gordon“Childe Harolds Pilgrimage”1812恰罗德哈罗德游记“Don Juan”1812-1823 masterpiece唐璜 a great comic epic of the early 19th century.The“Byronic hero”is a proud,mysterious rebel figure of noble origi
21、n名诗：She Walks in Beauty;The Isles of Greece 2021/2/236Percy Bysshe Shelly雪莱(1792-1822)1.“Queen Mab”:麦布女王 His first long poem expresses almost all his major political ideas.2.“Prometheus Unbound”:解放了的普罗米修斯 His masterpiece;a lyrical drama.3.Lyrics on nature and love:e.g.“Ode to the West Wind”;“To a Sk
22、ylark ”西风/云雀颂“If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind?”2021/2/237John KeatsJohn Keats(1795-1821)(1795-1821)Not noble Died of TB Died at 252021/2/238John Keatss Odes .Ode on MelancholyOde to a Nightingale夜莺颂夜莺颂 It reveals the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of
23、agonyOde to Autumn秋颂秋颂 Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂希腊古瓮颂 2021/2/239The Development of Victorian Literature Victorian Literature,as a product of its age,naturally had its quality of magnitude and diversity.It was many-sided and complex,and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes
24、that were going on in peoples life and thought.the great period of the novel in BritainCritical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people 2021/2/240The Genres of Victorian Literature1)The novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progres
25、sive thought.Charles Dickens,William Makepeace Thackeray,Charlotte Bronte,Emily BronteElizabeth GaskellGeorge Eliot2021/2/2412021/2/242Robert Browning勃朗宁(1812-1889)the most original poet,who improve and mature the dramatic monologue戏剧戏剧独白 2021/2/243The Brownings Wrote an admiring letter to Elizabeth
26、 Barret(an invalid,a poet,six years elder)famous romance secretely wedded,eloped to Italy in 1846(love poems to her husband)葡萄牙十四行诗 Robert (poetic drama)dramatic monologue)A poem in which a single character,addressing a silent listener,explains his actions at an important moment or crisis in his lif
27、e 2021/2/244Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892)Poet LaureateA real artist invents dramatic monologue2021/2/245Jane Austen简奥斯丁1775-1817 1.Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺2.Sense and Sensibility理智与情感3.Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见4.Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园5.Emma爱玛6.Persuasion 劝导2021/2/246 Austens writing style 1.The founder of th
28、e novel which deals with unimportant middle-class people.2.Vivid pictures of everyday life of simple country society,the small world she lived in3.Delicate description of the daily talks and doings of young people4.Quiet irony and analysis of character2021/2/247Charles Dickens(1812-1870)one of the g
29、reatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age famous for his forceful social criticism urban poor(Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people)Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works A mingling of humor and pathos 悲伤 2021/2/248Charles D
30、ickens The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传 Oliver Twist奥利弗退斯特 American Notes美国札记 The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店 Dombey and Son董贝父子 David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔 Hard Times艰难时世 A Tale of Two Cities双城记 Great Expectation远大前程 2021/2/249Thackeray(1811-63)萨克雷 Representative of critical realism differen
31、t from Dickens,Less interested in direct social criticism Showing peoples vanity and their deluded efforts to achieve wealth and social status2021/2/250 萨克雷的主要作品萨克雷的主要作品 The book of Snobs(1846-47)势利者集势利者集 Vanity Fair(1847-48)名利场名利场 Pendennis(1848)潘登尼斯潘登尼斯 Henry Esmond(1852)亨利爱德芒德亨利爱德芒德 纽卡姆一家纽卡姆一家 Th
32、e Newcomes(1853)弗吉尼亚人弗吉尼亚人 The Virginians(1857)2021/2/251名利场名利场 is Thackerays masterpiece.The term vanity fair originates from the allegorical story The Pilgrims Progress,by John Bunyan.The sub-title of the book,“A Novel Without a Hero”(the characters are all flawed to a greater or lesser degree)The
33、 novel satirizes society in early 19th-century England(characterised by hypocrisy and opportunism).2021/2/252George Eliot(1819-1880)Mary Ann Cross）Writing about,2021/2/253乔治乔治艾略特主要作品艾略特主要作品 亚当亚当比德比德 Adam Bede(1859)Adam Bede(1859)弗洛斯河上的磨坊弗洛斯河上的磨坊 The Mill on the Floss(1860)The Mill on the Floss(1860)
34、织工马南织工马南 Silas Marner(1861)Silas Marner(1861)米德尔玛契米德尔玛契Middlemarch(1871-1872)Middlemarch(1871-1872)-a portrait of life in a provincial town,is considered her masterpiece.As a woman of exceptional(特有的)intelligence and life experience,she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women 2021/2/254T
35、he Bronte SistersCharlotte Bronte(1816-1855)Anne Bronte安妮勃郎特 Emily Bronte爱米丽 勃郎特1818-1848Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄（Heathcliff）2021/2/255简简爱爱 Jane Eyre(1847)Jane Eyre Mr.Rochester The center theme:women should have equal rights with man.（The position of woman in society）The problem of the bourgeois syste
36、m of education;The problem of orphan;2021/2/256Thomas Hardy Works Under the Greenwood Tree(1872)绿茵下 Far from the Madding Crowd(1874)远离尘嚣 The Return of the Native(1878)还乡 The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886)卡斯特桥市长 Tess of the DUrbervilles(1891)德伯家的苔丝 Jude the Obscure(1896)无名的裘德 2021/2/257 His principal wo
37、rks are the Wessex novels,i.e.He truthfully depicts the impoverishment and 威塞克斯小说.His pessimistic philosophy seems to show that mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate,which brings misfortune to human life.2021/2/258English literature at the turn of the century The turn
38、of the century Oscar Wilde(1854-1900),John Galsworthy George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)2021/2/259Oscar Wilde(1854-1900),Irish poet and dramatist The literary school of decadence apostle of Aestheticism“art for arts sake”.(his only novel)道林格雷的画像 剧作his comic masterpieces 童话 (his fairy tales especially)快乐
39、王子2021/2/260John Galsworthy(1867-1933高尔斯华绥 The first trilogy“The Forsyte Saga”福尔塞世家:The Man of Property(1906)有产业的人（It was a landmark in the development of Galsworthys art.It established his place in literature as a representative of bourgeois realism in the 20th century English novel.）In Chancery(19
40、20)骑虎难下骑虎难下 To let(1921)出租出租;The second trilogy,“A Modern Comedy”:现代喜现代喜剧剧 The White Monkey(1924)白猿白猿 The Silver Spoon(1926)银匙银匙 Swan Song(1928)天鹅曲天鹅曲2021/2/261Bernard ShawShaw was an essay-writer，language scholar and critic，but is best-remembered as a playwright.2021/2/262Bernard Shaw Widowers Hous
41、es鳏夫的房产 Mrs.Warrens Profession华伦夫人的职业 The Devils Disciple魔鬼的门徒 Man and Superman人与超人 Major Barbara巴巴拉少校 Heartbroken House伤心之家 The Apple Cart;苹果车2021/2/263A Brief Introduction to Modern English Literature The effects of the First World War:A new age in English literature James Joyce Virginia Woolf D.H
42、.Lawrence W.Somerset Maugham Joseph Conrad T.S.EliotThe effects of the Second World War on English literature William Gloding Doris Lessing Ted Hughes2021/2/264Traditional writer Some writers show continuity with the Victorian tradition of the novel George Bernard Shaw（1856-1950），H.G.Wells（1866-1946
43、），E.M.Forster（1879-1970）2021/2/265H.G.Wells（1866-1946）威尔斯 Wells is celebrated as a popularizer of science，but his best novels explore serious social and cultural themes，科幻小说：The Time Machine时间机器 2021/2/266E.M.Forster福斯特（1879-1970）A Passage to India印度之行 Howards End 霍华德庄园 The Longest Journey最漫长的旅程 The
44、 Room With A View可以远眺的房间 Where Angels Fear to Tread天使们忘而却步的地方2021/2/267William Somerset Maugham(1874-1965)毛姆 Works 1915Of Human Bandage人性枷锁 1919The Moon and Sixpence月亮与六便士 1930Cakes and Ale寻欢作乐 1944The Razors Edge刀锋 1951short stories2021/2/268Arnold Bennett，1867-1931 Naturalism Old Wives Tale 老妇谭202
45、1/2/269Joseph Conrad康拉德 (1857-1924)by birth a Pole His experience as a sailor made the sea his favorite theme.Conrads narratives may resemble adventure stories in incident and setting，but his real concern is with issues of character and morality.2021/2/270His works Heart of Darkness 黑暗的心灵 Lord Jim 吉
46、姆老爷 An Outcast of progress文明的前哨 The Chance 机缘 The Nostromo 诺斯特罗莫 The secret Agent间谍“The Nigger of the Narcissus”(1899)is a magnificent and symbolic story of a ship in a storm.水仙号上的黑鬼2021/2/271 While these writers show continuity with the Victorian tradition of the novel，more radically modern writing
47、 is found in the novels of James Joyce（1882-1941），of Virginia Woolf（1882-1941），and of D.H.Lawrence（1885-1930）.Where Joyce and Woolf challenge traditional narrative methods of viewpoint and structure，Lawrence is concerned to explore human relationships more profoundly than his predecessors The princi
48、pal writers of the 1920s.2021/2/272Modernism(1)A reaction against realism(2)Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.2021/2/273(3)The major of the modernist literature are between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himsel
49、f.2021/2/274(4)The modernist writers concentrate more on the than on the public,more on the than on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the.In their writings,the past,the present and the future are mingled together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.2021/2/275J
50、ames Joyce(1882-1941)乔伊斯 Irish novelist Second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language definitely established“stream of consciousness”as a valid way of writing fiction.2021/2/276His works 1914Dubliners短篇小说集（都柏林人）,short stories about the hard life of poor people in Dublin 1916 青年艺术
