1、英语语言学：第3章.Chapter 3 Morphology 3.1 Introduction3.2 Morpheme 3.2.1 Free morpheme 3.2.2 Bound morpheme 3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs3.4 Types of Word Formation 3.4.1 Compounding 3.4.2 Derivation 3.4.3 Other ways (Conversion,Backformation,Clipping,Blending,Acronym,Initialism)英语语言学：第3章.3.1 Introduction Defi
2、nition of morphology Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure,forms and classes of words.un-+-ly unfriendly;unhappily;unkindly;unlonely-fy purify;simplify;falsify;amplify 英语语言学：第3章.3.2 Morpheme It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.tourists:tour;-ist;-
3、s talks;talker;talked;talking Types of morpheme:free morpheme and bound morpheme 英语语言学：第3章.3.2.1 Free morpheme Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.friend,happy,kind,simple,false,tour,talk,etc.Root:the basic element of a word that can stand by itse
4、lf:talk,internationalism,work/shop,black/bird Stem:the element involved in a word without the last added bound morpheme:friends,friendships 英语语言学：第3章.Stem A stem may be:a simple stem consisting of only one morpheme,in which case the root and the stem are the same:work,talk a root plus a derivational
5、 affix:workers two or more roots:workshops 英语语言学：第3章.Lexical(open)morphemes vs Functional(close)morphemes Lexical(open)morphemes are the set of ordinary nouns,verbs and adjectives that carry the content of message we convey.Since we can create new lexical morphemes for the language rather easily,the
6、y are called an open class of words:book,desk,house,love,look,long,happy英语语言学：第3章.Functional(close)morphemes consist of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions,articles,prepositions and pronouns.As we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language,they are called a close
7、d class of words:and,but,because,if,when,on,above,in,it,the,that 英语语言学：第3章.3.2.2 Bound morpheme Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes,either free or bound,to form a word.They are actually affixes,including prefixes and suffixes:-ly,u
8、n-,-ist,-s,-er,-ed,-ing.In some languages,there are also infixes.英语语言学：第3章.Prefixes are joined to the beginning of the root or stem.They can change the meaning or function of the word.Impossible,unbelievable,enrich Suffixes are joined to the end of the root or stem.They can also change the meaning o
9、r function of the word.hopeless,kindness 英语语言学：第3章.Derivational morphemes vs Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes are OFTEN used to make new words of a different grammatical category from the stem.ness,-less,-ful,-ly;re-,pre-,dis-,co-,im-,un-Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatic
10、al relations or grammatical categories such as number,tense,degree and case.英语语言学：第3章.Inflectional morphemes in English English has only eight inflectional morphemes:-s:possessive-s:plural-s:3rd person present singular-ing:present participle-ed:past tense and past participle-en:past participle-er:co
11、mparative-est:superlative 英语语言学：第3章.Differences between derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme Derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category of a word,creating an entirely new word.Inflectional morphemes never alter the grammatical category of a word.英语语言学：第3章.Summary morphemeF
12、ree morphemeBound morphemeLexical morphemeFunctional morphemeDerivational morphemeInflectional morpheme英语语言学：第3章.3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs Morphs:the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.They are the phonological(spoken)or orthographic(written)forms which real
13、ize morphemes.They are minimal carriers of meaning.Allomorph:a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme.Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.英语语言学：第3章.Allomorph Allomorphs are in complementary distribution.-ed past tense -t:talked -d:stayed -id
14、:created (phonological)-d:changed -ed:worked (orthographic)-s(plurality)-z:meanings -s:maps -iz:watches -ai-:mice -i:-:feet 0:deer 英语语言学：第3章.3.4 Types of Word Formation Word formation or word building is the creation of new words,which is useful to us because it can enrich our vocabulary by learning
15、 some major ways.The most important ways are compounding and derivation.英语语言学：第3章.3.4.1 Compounding Definition:putting two words together.The first element receives the main stress,and the second one determines the new words class.typewriter,workshop,tractor-driver,blackboard 英语语言学：第3章.Types of comp
16、ound words a.noun compounds noun+noun:armchair,rainbow verb+noun:pickpocket,washcloth adjective+noun:bluebird,highchair b.verb compounds noun+verb:vacuum-clean,manhandle verb+verb:sleepwalk adjective+verb:dry-clean c.adjective compounds noun+adjective:color-blind,snow-white verb+adjective:stir-crazy
17、 adjective+adjective:dark-blue,pale-yellow 英语语言学：第3章.3.4.2 Derivation Definition:adding affixes to other words or morphemes free morpheme+bound morpheme:unhappy;misunderstand;careful;careless Affixes can be described by function or meaning:childhood;childlike;childless;childish The derivational proc
18、ess may alter the grammatical or morphological form:anti-terrorist;computation;placement;colorful 英语语言学：第3章.Computer words -ware:software,hardware,shareware,freeware cyber-/e-:cyberspace,cyberchat,e-commerce,e-cash techno-:technobabble,technostress,technophobia 英语语言学：第3章.Conversion:zero derivation H
19、es papering the bedroom walls.nv:elbow;milk;skin;hammer;nurse;e-mail vn:doubt;attempt;must,guess,spy adjv:dry;free;better;down,dirty,empty adjn:native;short,crazy,nasty 英语语言学：第3章.Backformation Definition:remove the suffix to get a new word edit;opt;enthuse;typewrite Tlvision(French)televise 英语语言学：第3
20、章.Clipping Definition:abbreviation of longer words fridge;bike;ad;copter;bus;gym;telecom;flu,prof,phone,gas,plane,sitcom英语语言学：第3章.Blending Definition:combining two separate forms,taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word brunch:breakfast+lunch motel:motor+hotel;
21、smog:smoke+fog 英语语言学：第3章.Acronym Definition:forming words from the first letters of a series of words,which are pronounced as single words.NATO:North Atlantic Treaty Organization UNESCO:United Nations Education,Social and Cultural Organization AIDS:acquired immune deficiency syndrome SARS:severe acu
22、te respiratory syndrome英语语言学：第3章.Initialism Definition:forming words from the first letters of a series of words,which are pronounced by saying each letter.CD:compact disk VIP:very important person WTO:World Trade Organization CPU:central processing unit ID:identification card 英语语言学：第3章.Summary3.1 D
23、efinition3.2 Morpheme 3.2.1 Free morpheme(lexical vs functional)3.2.2 Bound morpheme(derivational vs inflectional)3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs3.4 Types of Word Formation 3.4.1 Compounding 3.4.2 Derivation 3.4.3 Other ways (Conversion,Backformation,Clipping,Blending,Acronym,Initialism)英语语言学：第3章.Exercise
24、 1.Define the following terms.morphology,morpheme,free morpheme,bound morpheme,morph,allomorph,derivation,clipping,acronym,initialism,blending,root,stem,prefix,suffix 2.Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.A.discover,discovery,discoverer,discoverable,discoverability B.inventor,inventors,inventors,inventors
