1、 Word-building 许多英语单词的构成都有一定的规律，这种规律被称为构词法。掌握构词法知识对我们更好地理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有重要意义。英语中的构词法主要有:一、合成法（、合成法（Composition）把两个或两个以上的词素放到一起，这种构词法称为合成法。合成词通常由两个或两个以上的自由词素构成不同词性。1.合成名词合成名词名词名词+名词：名词：postman,girlfriend,flowerbed,greenhouse形容词形容词+名词：名词：blackboard,supermarket名词名词+动词：动词：daybreak,sunrise动词动词-ing+名词：名词：
2、reading room,washing machine The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic.(2017 全国全国阅读阅读)名词名词+动词动词-ing：handwriting,papermaking 动词动词+名词：名词：pickpocket,workroom 动词动词+副词：副词：breakup,get-together 其它形式：其它形式：passer-by 2.合成形容词合成形容词形容词形容词/数词数词+名词名词+ed：warm-hearted,名词名词+过去分词：过去分词：home-made,
3、hand-made名词名词+形容词：形容词：world-famous,ice-cool 形容词形容词/数词数词+名词：名词：full-time,second-hand形容词形容词+过去分词：过去分词：newborn,short-sighted副词副词+过去分词：过去分词：well-known,newly-built其它形式：其它形式：face-to-face,evergreen 3.合成代词合成代词 代词宾格代词宾格/物主代词物主代词+self/selves：herself,ourselves 某些不定代词某些不定代词some,any,every,no等等+body/one/thing：any
4、one,nothing 4.合成介词合成介词 介词介词+介词：介词：throughout,within 5.合成副词合成副词 副词副词+名词：名词：indoors,overhead,upstairs 介词介词+名词：名词：beforehand 名词名词+形容词：形容词：sky-high 副词副词+介词：介词：nearby 其它形式：其它形式：meanwhile 6.合成动词合成动词 副词副词+动词：动词：overwork,underline，overhear 名词名词+动词：动词：moonwalk,sunbathe 形容词形容词+动词：动词：safeguard Maybe the first
5、plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches,and so,in effect,was talking to itself.Perhaps the neighbors just happened to overhear the cry.So information was exchanged.(2017 全国全国阅读阅读)二、转换法（二、转换法（conversion）在词形不变的情况下，把一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性，而没有加任何词缀，这种构词方法称为转换法。例如：dream v.做梦
6、做梦 n.梦梦 look v.看看 n.相貌相貌 back n.后背后背 v.支持支持 air n.空气空气 v.通风通风 better a.较好较好 v.改善改善 有些双音节的词转换后，重音要发生变化。通常名词重音在前，动词重音在后，有时读音也有不同，应予注意。例如:transport record import conflict survey 1.许多名词可转化成动词，意思也随着有些改变。如：chair（n.椅子椅子 v.主持）主持）hand（n.手手v.上交）上交）land（n.土地土地v.着陆）着陆）cook（n.厨师厨师v.烹调）烹调）order（n.命令命令v.订购）订购）name
7、（n.名字名字v.取名）取名）lift（n.电梯电梯v.举起）举起）picture（n.画画v.描绘）描绘）press（n.报刊报刊v.挤压）挤压）nurse（n.护士护士v.照料）照料）smoke（n.烟烟v.吸烟）吸烟）stand（n.看台看台v.站）站）2.大量动词可转化为名词，有时意思没有太大改变。如：try （v.尝试尝试n.尝试）尝试）read(v.阅读阅读n.阅读阅读)swim（v.游泳游泳n.游泳）游泳）sigh(v.叹气叹气n.叹气）叹气）cry (v.哭哭n.哭哭)shout（v.呼喊呼喊n.呼喊）呼喊）kiss (v.吻吻n吻吻)guess (v.猜测猜测n猜测猜测)3.
8、形容词转化成动词。如：better（a.更好的更好的v.改善改善)calm（a.冷静的冷静的v.使冷静）使冷静）cool（a.凉快的凉快的v.冷却）冷却）spare（a.空闲的空闲的v.节省）节省）own（a.自己的自己的v.拥有）拥有）close（a.亲密的亲密的v.关闭）关闭）slow（a.慢的慢的v.减慢）减慢）last（a.最后的最后的v.持续）持续）I placed the chick(雏鸟雏鸟)in the nest,and it quickly calmed down.(2017 全国全国阅读阅读)4.形容词转化成名词。如：cold（a.冷的冷的n.感冒）感冒）back（a.后面
9、的后面的n.背部）背部）quiet(a.安静的安静的n.恬静恬静)calm(a.平静的平静的n安静安静)5.形容词转化成副词。如：deep（a.深的深的ad.深地）深地）wide（a.宽的宽的ad.广泛地）广泛地）hard（a.困难的困难的ad.努力地努力地)well（a.健康的健康的ad.很好很好地）地）三、派生法三、派生法(Derivation)派生是指通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀构成另一个词。前缀一般改变词义而不改变词性,后缀一般改变词性而不改变词义。fore-先，前，预先，前，预out-超出，在外超出，在外over-过度，越过度，越under-在在下，低于下，低于ab-脱离，离去脱离，离
10、去com-共同共同de-出，离，向出，离，向inter-相互相互forecast foreheadoutside outputoverwork undergroundabsentcompany decreaseinterviewin-,im-向内，入，非向内，入，非pre-先，前，超先，前，超re-后退，再，又后退，再，又trans-跨越，转，传跨越，转，传log-言语，推理言语，推理press-压压vis-看见看见geo-地球地球includepreviewreact recalltransformapology pressure visible visitor geographyauto-
11、自己的，自动自己的，自动co-一起，共同一起，共同multi-许多许多sub-在在下下 次要次要 低于低于super-在在上，超过上，超过tele-远距离的远距离的automatic autobiography cooperatemulticulturalsubwaysupermarket televisionmis-un-dis-in-,im-anti-non-il-ir-misunderstand mistake misleading unemployment unlucky dishonest disappearinconvenient impossibleantivirus nonpr
12、ofit nonstop illegalirresponsible irregular-dom 地位，身份地位，身份-hood 状态，特征状态，特征-ness 性质性质-age行为，情况行为，情况-ance,ancy,ence,ency 行行为，状态，性质为，状态，性质-ice 行为，状态行为，状态freedomhappiness weaknessguidance importancechildhood neighborhoodpractice servicemarriage usage advantage-ment 行为，状态行为，状态-ship 的状态，身份的状态，身份-tude 情况，性
13、质情况，性质-ty 行为，状态行为，状态-ure 情况，能力情况，能力-ism 学说，主义学说，主义-ist 实行者实行者-ology 学学payment employmentfriendship ownershipgratitudebeauty safetyfailure mixturesocialismscientistbiology ecology-sion-ion-ition-ssion-ation-er,or,ar-ee 受受者者conclusion tensioncompetitionrelation invention discussioninvitation hesitatio
14、npainter actor liar employee interviewee-en-ify 化化-ize-iseshorten deepen strengthen enlargepurify simplify qualify identifycriticize realizepractise adj.wooden golden-able,-ible-al-ant,-ent-ful-ic-ical-ish-ivecapable possible responsiblepersonal globaldifferent significant efficient cheerful doubtfu
15、lpoetic romanticmedical practicalchildish Spanish selfishcreative active-like 如如的的-less 否定否定-ous-ious-ward(s)-ary-somedreamlike childlikecareless hopeless endlesspoisonous cautious various precious consciouseastward backwardelementary secondarytroublesome handsome用括号内单词的正确形式填空。用括号内单词的正确形式填空。1.Having
16、 enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心吃点心)between meals and will improve the taste of your food.However,be _(care)not to go to extremes.（2017全国卷全国卷I）careful 2.Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been _(fair)unpleasant for the passengers,with a
17、ll the smoke and noise.（2017全国卷全国卷II）3.She is determined to carry on with her _(educate).（2017全国卷全国卷III）fairlyeducation4.Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires,Asias biggest building,and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me,pandas are its top 61._(attract).（2016 新课新课 标全国卷标全国卷I）5.Then,handle the
18、 most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of 42._(achieve).（2016 新课标新课标 全国卷全国卷II）attraction achievement根据提示在空白处填入所缺单词的正确形根据提示在空白处填入所缺单词的正确形式。式。A 1.It was _(cloud)this morning,but it turned out fine.2.The mother is now fighting her _(addict)to a soap opera.3.Lily,a(n)_(二十岁的二十岁的)singer,is
19、 quite popular among young people.cloudy addictiontwenty-year-old4.My father bought a(n)_(二手二手的的)car which was still in good condition.5.The price of the coat is quite _(reason).Would you wrap it up for me,please?6.No wonder her test scores had improved a lot.She was really _(辛勤工辛勤工作的作的)at school.se
20、cond-handreasonablehard-working7.John has expanded his business.The number of _(employ)in his company has doubled over the past decade.8.He had no _(certain)of success because he hadnt prepared for the competition.employees certainty B Less than 20 miles from Singapores skyscrapers is a(n)1._(comple
21、te)different set of high-rise towers.Much smaller in size but with a big ambition over 100 2._(九米高的九米高的)towers at Sky Greens vertical farm offer a new vision of urban sustainability(可持续可持续).Green vegetables like Chinese cabbage are grown in 3._(温室温室),and sold atcompletelynine-meter-tallgreenhouses l
22、ocal supermarkets.The farm was built in 2009 and now the 4._(full)operating farm has been supplying the citys supermarkets with 5._(每每周的周的)deliveries of its greens.The small amount of energy and water needed to grow the vegetables,as well as the short distance to the 6._(consume),fullyweekly consume
23、rsmeans that carbon dioxide emitted(排放排放)in production and 7._(transport)is kept to a minimum.The Sky Greens is supported by the Singaporean 8._(政府政府).transport/transportationgovernment C Throughout history man has changed his 1._(物理的物理的)environment to improve his way of life.With the tools of techn
24、ology man has changed many features of the earth.He has 2._(转变转变)woodland into farmland.He has modified(修修改改)the face of the earth by cutting through mountains to build roads and 3._(铁路铁路).physical transformed/changedrailways/railroadsHowever,these changes in the environment have not always had 4._(
25、benefit)results.Today,5._(pollute)of the air and water is a danger to the health of the planet.Each day thousands of tons of gases come out of vehicles.Smoke from factories pollutes the air of industrialized areas and the surrounding countryside.beneficialpollutionThe air in cities is becoming incre
26、asingly 6._(health).The pollution of water is 7._(equal)harmful.In the sea pollution from oil is killing a lot of sea plants and fish.It is now necessary for man to limit the 8._(grow)of technology in order to survive on earth.unhealthyequally growth1.体会本课切中要害、深入浅出的说理特点,学习这篇文章的表达方式,品味本文的语言特点。找出文中典型的
27、语句,归纳其特点,尝试从表达目的、听众的感受角度品评其表达效果。阅读时,还要注意思考,理解这篇文章的针对性和现实意义。2.只有懂得舍与得，才不会被利禄牵扯而过度奔波劳累；一个人只要能够自得其乐，即使有所失也不会为此不快乐；一个人只要拥有高深的道德修养，即使没有官位也能内心平静轻松。3.文本中不断提到“大自然”，在充满了诗情画意的大自然面前，在可爱温顺的小动物面前，素芭没有任何交流的障碍，她甚至能比常人更为轻易地表达自己。4.作者用了几乎两章的篇幅，把素芭放置到比社会环境温暖得多的自然环境中，在这里，素芭不仅是美好的，还有着无言的快乐。侧面的烘托让素芭的形象更为动人。5.反面的衬托同样是塑造素芭
28、形象的一个手段。素芭身边的人们可以用话语交流，他们是一群极为普通的劳作者，包括帕勒达帕，可是他们对素芭的表现却显得极为冷漠和麻木。6.素芭在他们身上看不到关心，找不到温暖。在小说的第五章，父母打算用欺骗的手段把素芭嫁到加尔各答，而且“没有作任何安慰”。7.整个事件的过程中，素芭只有独自流泪伤心，得不到任何关心，唯一的所谓的好友帕勒达帕只是专心致志地钓鱼，丝毫没有离愁别绪，反倒是漫不经心地证实了这个噩耗，给了素芭更大的打击。8.诗人运用浪漫主义的表现手法，热情地赞颂了云雀在诗人的笔下，云雀是欢乐、光明、美丽的象征。作者运用比喻、对比等修辞手法，对云雀加以描绘。9.在中国特色社会主义新时代，只有坚持和加强党的全面领导，才能真正落实以人民为中心的发展思想，建设现代化经济体系，健全人民当家作主的制度体系，推动社会主义文化繁荣兴盛，保障和改善民生，加强和创新社会治理，加快生态文明体制改革，正确认识和应对复杂的国际局势
