1、中Aristotle Altemps 亚里士多德.阿尔腾普斯argued that animals lacked reason(logos),and placed humans at the top of the natural world.Ren Descartes 勒内笛卡儿（1596-1650）Animals were not conscious and behaved as automatons.Jeremy Bentham 杰里米边沁（1748 1832）British philosopher杰里米边沁哲学的基本公理对与错的测度是绝大多数获得了最大的幸福。fundamental ax
2、iom of his philosophy the principle that it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong Peter Singer（1946-）The central argument of his idea is an expansion of the utilitarian idea（功利思想）that the greatest good of the greatest number is the only measure of go
3、od or ethical behaviour.Singer believes that there is no reason not to apply this principle to other animals,arguing that the boundary between human and animal is completely arbitrary.辛格1975年出版了Animal Liberation一书，提出了物种歧视(speciesism)”的概念。这本书1990年、2002年,2009年多次再版，成为动物解放运动的理论基础。辛格认为动物具有感受痛苦的经历，因此必须考虑动
4、物的利益。Peter Singer意大利哲学家，因为主张将人类权利延伸到类人猿而闻名。著作有动物问题：为什么非人动物应有人类权利1988-1998年任Etica&Animali主编How much do animals matter-morally?Can we keep considering them as second class beings,to be used merely for our benefit?Or,should we offer them some form of moral egalitarianism?Cavalieri discovers that its ve
5、ry logic extends to nonhuman animals as beings who are owed basic moral and legal rights and that,as a result,human rights are not human after all.Gary Francione(1954-)Professor of law and philosophy at Rutgers School of Law-Newark,is a leading abolitionist writer,arguing that animals need only one
6、right,the right not to be owned.Tom Regan（1938-）Animal welfare movement for not going far enough to protect animals interests.法官 Richard PosnerPosner(2001)指出“基于道德直觉，人类偏爱他自己。如果一只狗威胁了一个婴儿，尽管要制止这条狗伤害婴儿，狗将会受到比婴儿可能遭受到的痛苦更多。我们将拯救婴儿，因为狗将会受到比婴儿可能遭受到的痛苦更多而放过那条狗将是荒谬的。”http:/ Blakemore反对赋予非人灵长类权利，他认为当出现仅威胁人与猩猩
7、的新型流行病时，必须用猩猩作为实验动物。科学家担心动物权利主义者从反对使用大猩猩、黑猩猩作为实验动物开始，逐步限制使用灵长类实验动物，一步步走向极端，最终走向全面禁止实验动物研究（Nature Medicine Editorial.2008）。哲学家Roger Scruton 反对动物权利，他认为“权利意味着责任”。The current environmental movement directs its energies at the bigger picture but fails to see that environmental problems are generated and
8、resolved by ordinary people.The sacred against todays fashionable forms of atheism.Evolution cannot explain our conception of the sacred;neuroscience is irrelevant to our interpersonal relationships and scientific understanding has nothing to say about the experience of beauty,which provides a Gods-
9、eye perspective on reality.Drawing on Scrutyonss own experiences of hunting and offering a delightful portrait of the people and animals who take part in it.Scruton introduces the mysteries of country life.He pleas for tolerance toward a sport in which the love of animals prevails over the pursuit o
10、f them,and in which Nature herself is the center of the drama.Among the most dramatic and ironic discoveries that On Hunting tells us that hunting is about a love of and respect for animals,rather than a blood-thirsty hatred of them,and that the sport,far from being limited to an upper-class,old-mon
11、ied aristocracy(有钱的贵族),is really one promoting an egalitarian meritocracy（平等的精英）.Beauty has an indispensable part to play in shaping the human worldA novel about the chaotic underworld of a Yorkshire city.Do animals have rights?If not,do we have duties towards them?If so,what duties?Why are animal-r
12、ights groups so keen to protect the rights of badgers and foxes but not of rats,mice or even humans?How can we bridge the growing gap between rural producers and urban consumers?Why is raising animals for fur more heinous than raising them for their meat?Are we as human beings driving other species
13、either to extinction or to a state of dependency?直到今日，直到今日，争议还在继续争议还在继续Marian Darkins(1945-)，Oxford University西方环境伦理经历了从人类中心主义（Anthropocentrism）、犹太教与基督教的看护人角色（Judeo-Christian Stewardship）、以生物为中心的伦理（Biocentric ethnics）、以生态为中心的伦理（Ecocentric ethnics）psychologist at the University at Albanys Pica pica倭黑
14、猩猩 Pan paniscus Victor S.Johnston New Mexico State University智力层级序位物种#1.人Human#2.红猩猩Orangutan#3.大猩猩Chimpanzee#4.蜘蛛猴Spider monkey#5.黑猩猩Gorilla#6.叶猴Surili#7.短尾猴Macaque#8.山魈Mandrill#9.长尾猴Guenon#10.白眉猴Mangabey#11.僧帽猴CapuchinRoger Brambell (1901 1970)生产效 率动物福利可以接受的效率不可接受的动物福利可以接受的动物福利不可接受的效率生产效 率动物福利可以接受
15、的效率不可接受的动物福利可以接受的动物福利不可接受的效率May 6th 09-Major Victory-Europe Bans Seal PeltsThe European Parliament has overwhelmingly approved the European Seal Bill which bans all imports of seal products into Europe.This is a most devastating blow to the seal hunt.Seal pelts are worth next to nothing at$14 Canadian which is less than half of their value last year.食物营养链”大鱼吃小鱼，小鱼吃虾米，虾米吃泥巴”“民以食为天”“You are what you eat”From Darwin to Dawkins:the search for Animal Consciousness“第六届世界环保大会”首次设立了动物福利论坛，邀请国内外专家就动物福利与可持续发展、食品安全、公共卫生、环境保护以及生态文明建设等议题进行了交流和对话。旨在让公众、企业和政府了解动物福利与人类面临的全球重大挑战的关系以及动物福利对农业可持续发展的重要性。
