1、Grammar and usage Unit 4 Public transport Verb-ing & verb-ed Function as adjectives Function as adverbs v-ing形式作定语形式作定语 单个的v-ing形式 developing countries = countries that are developing an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody *常作前置定语
2、，相当 于定语从句 1.图片对齐 在我们插入PPT图片或是输入文字的时候，为了整齐都需要将插入的文本框对齐 ，但是又不想一个一个的进行操作，这时按住Ctrl键将需要进行对齐的文本选中 ，点击开始排列对齐垂直居中即可； 2.巧用格式刷 在制作PPT的时候为了保证PPT风格的统一，很多任通常会使用复制粘贴来确保 每一页PPT格式相同，这样对于少页数来说可以进行操作，但是碎玉多页面的话 就有点麻烦了，其实我们可以巧用格式刷：首先，在开始菜单栏下方有一个格式 刷，点击格式刷，很快就能看到效果； 3.去除所有动画效果 很多人在制作PPT的时候都是直接在模板库里下载模板进行使用的，但是下载的 模板大多数都
3、是有幻灯片的，这样在演讲的时候很不方便，怎样将其进行去除呢 ？单击幻灯片放映选择设置幻灯片放映，放映类型选择演讲者放映；换片方式 选择手动即可； 4.PPT快键 PPT逼格提升技巧逼格提升技巧 Verb-ing短语 The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory. They lived in a house facing south. *常作后置定语，也相 当于定语从句 某些情况下，定语不能用v-ing 形式，必须用定语从句。 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主 句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时 发生的话，
4、则需使用定语从句。 昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。 【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture. 【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture. v-ing形式的完成式一般不作定语，只作状语。 被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。 【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 【正】The temple which has bee
5、n destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. v-ed形式作定语形式作定语 单个动词-ed形式作定语 A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。 All the broken doors and windows have been repaired. When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 提提 示示 如表示强调，单个v-ed形式也可作后置定语。 Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷
6、出。 *常作前置定语，相当 于定语从句 Verb-ed短语 We have read many novels written by this author. (= that are written by this author) The meeting, attended by 1,000 students, was a success. (= which was attended by 1,000 students) *常作后置定语，也相 当于定语从句 v-ing & v-ed作定语的区别作定语的区别 1及物动词及物动词的的-ing形式作定语表示与被修饰名词形式作定语表示与被修饰名词 是主动
7、关系，及物动词的是主动关系，及物动词的-ed 形式表示与被修形式表示与被修 饰名词是被动关系。饰名词是被动关系。 The group called Green Hand is trying to help protect the environment. The group calling itself Green Hand is trying to help protect the environment. 2不及物动词不及物动词-ing形式表示动词正在进行，而形式表示动词正在进行，而 -ed形式表示动作已完成，形式表示动作已完成，并不带有被动的含并不带有被动的含 义。义。 falling
8、leaves 正在飘落的叶子 fallen leaves 落叶 an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped 逃犯 a retired worker = a worker who has retired 退休工人 V-ing形式作状语形式作状语 动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，其动 作执行者与句子主语是主动一致。在句中 表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行 为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、 原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作 结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。 1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。表示时间，相当于一个时间状
9、语从句。 Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination. (= After we have made full preparations.) 2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. (= Since he was ill.) 3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 His father died, leaving him a lot of money. (= and
10、left him a lot of money.) 4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. =If you work hard at your lessons. 5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. = Although they knew all this. 6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并表示行为方式、伴随情
11、况或补充说明，相当于一个并 列结构。列结构。 He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. = .and stared at the sky for a long time 动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语 一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让 步、方式或伴随情况等。但其动作执行者 与句子主语是被动一致。 V-ed形式作状语形式作状语 1 动词动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间 状语从句。状语从句。 Seen from the tower, the city looks
12、beautiful. = When the city is seen from the tower. 有时动词有时动词-ed形式前可加连词形式前可加连词when, while等来等来 强调时间概念。强调时间概念。 Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. 2 v-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldnt help crying. (= Since they were moved by the h
13、eroic deeds .) 3 v-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Heated, water changes into steam. (= If water is heated.) 4 动词动词-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个 though/although引导的让步状语从句。引导的让步状语从句。 Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. (= Although they were exhausted by
14、the running .) 为了使为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加 明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。 Even if invited, I wont go. Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart. Unless invited, he will not come back to the company. 5 动词动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或 补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一补充说明时
15、，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一 个并列分句。个并列分句。 The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. (= and he was surrounded ) Practice : Tell the functions: Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well. Laughed at by many peo
16、ple, he continued his study. He went into the office, followed by many children. 时间时间 原因原因 让步让步 伴随伴随 Part A in the textbook. Different forms and functions Forms Attribute Adverbial Predicative Object complement 主动一般式 被动一般式 被动进行式 主动完成式 被动完成式 Different forms and functions Forms Attribute Adverbial Pre
17、dicative Object complement v-ing v-ed being+v-ed having+v-ed having +been+v-ed Forms Attribute Adverbial Predicative Object complement v-ing v-ed * * being+v-ed * * having+v-ed having +been+v-ed * a meeting held yesterday a meeting being held now I found my watch being repaired when I got to the shop, so I had to wait. I found my watch repaired when I got to the ship, so I paid the worker and returned. Summary 非谓语动词的形式及用法 Forms 主主 宾宾 定定 表表 状状 宾补宾补 Participles Gerunds Infinitives Summary 非谓语动词的形式及用法 Forms 主主 宾宾 定定 表表 状状 宾补宾补 Participles Gerunds Infinitives Homework Workbook C1 & C 2
