1、商务英语阅读下册unit 12了解跨文化交际的不同类型了解如何消除跨文化交际的障碍了解如何实现有效的跨文化交际cross-cultural Communicationcommunication styles custom barriers of Intercultural CommunicationChristmas celebrations TextFast Reading IFast Reading II Pre-reading questions 1.How many patterns of cultural difference do you know?2.What general p
2、rinciples should we insist on when conducting business with people of different cultures？What is the key to cross-cultural communication?Knowledge.First,it is necessary for you to understand the potential problems in cross-cultural communication and make efforts to overcome these problems.Second,it
3、is important to adjust your behavior appropriately because ones efforts will not always be successful.There is a significant possibility that cultural differences can easily cause communication problems.You should be willing to be patient and forgiving,rather than hostile and aggressive.Generally sp
4、eaking,there are six fundamental patterns of cultural differences.Different communication styles The way people communicate varies widely between different cultures.The two aspects of communication style embrace language usage and the degree of importance given to non-verbal communication.Some words
5、 and phrases are used differently in different cultures.For example,the meaning of yes varies even in English speaking countries.In some countries,it means maybe”,”I will consider it,while in others it equals definitely so.Non-verbal communicating includes facial expression,gesture,seating arrangeme
6、nts,personal distance,sense of time,voice,etc.For example,if you raise you voice,some white Americans think it signs that a fight has begun,while some black feel that it signs an exciting conversation between friends.Different attitudes towards conflicts The differences in attitudes towards conflict
7、s mainly refer to peoples view about conflicts and the effective methods to solve them.In some cultures,conflict is viewed as a positive thing,while in others;it is viewed as a negative thing to be avoided.Americans often deal with conflicts directly,such as face-to-face meetings.While in some easte
8、rn countries,open conflict is considered embarrassing and differences are worked out quietly.Different approaches to completing tasks In different cultures,the ways that people move toward competing tasks are different.There are many reasons for this difference.People in different cultures have diff
9、erent access to resources,different judgment and assessment of the rewards about the task completion and different ideas about how to build relationship during the task.How to work together on the task?How to establish relationships that promote the project?In Asian culture,people usually attach mor
10、e importance to establishing and developing relationships at the beginning of a shared task.In contrast,Americans tend to focus on the task at hand and let relationships develop automatically during the period that they work on the task.Different decision-making styles Individuals play different rol
11、es in the process of decision-making from culture to culture.For example,in many Latin American countries,an official usually holds decision-making responsibility himself.While in America,an official assigns responsibility for a particular matter to a subordinate.Decisions are frequently delegated.D
12、ifferent attitudes toward disclosure In some cultures,people are frank about their emotions,reasons behind conflict and personal information.In contrast,it is completely different in some other cultures.When you are talking or working with someone from a different culture,keep this in mind.Questions
13、 like“What was the conflict about?”“What was your role in the conflict”may seem natural to you.But to others,they may be intrusive.Different approaches to knowing Differences appear among different cultures when it comes to the ways people come to know things.African cultures tend to acquire knowled
14、ge through symbolized imagery and rhythm，while European cultures prefer to acquire information through cognitive means,such as counting and measuring.In fact,the modern society is paying more attention to the ways of knowing which were overlooked previously.In addition to helping us to understand ou
15、r own culture,knowledge of these six patterns of cultural difference can help us to understand people from different cultures.Particularly,in todays global business environment,more and more people are required to understand people from different cultures.There are some general principles that can h
16、elp us succeed in conducting business with people of different cultures.Opening and closing a conversation Different cultures may have different customs about when and how and who has the right and duty to speak first,right or wrong way to commence or conclude a conversation.The topic includes modes
17、 of address,salutations,levels of deference to social position,proper ways to conclude gracefully and so on.Taking turns and interrupting In some cultures,it is appropriate to take turns in a conversation and communicate in an interactive way.In contrast,in others,the audience is expected to listen
18、without comment or immediate response.A response may be considered a challenge.The same issues arise when it comes to interrupting.In some cultures,interruption is considered to be the default conversational style,esp.among people of equal positions or among men.Choosing appropriate topics In the we
19、stern talk shows,such issues a money,love are often talked about and have formed the basis of the kinds of TV programs.In contrast,in some other cultures,it is considered vulgar to speak openly about money.So in business,it is necessary to learn the customs surrounding the making of the deals and ch
20、oose an appropriate topic to develop your conversation.Using of humor In the western cultures,humor is an appropriate way to build immediate rapport.But it cannot be used universally in all situations.In some other cultures,the use of laughter can be considered as a sign of disrespect.So it is impor
21、tant to understand that this is an area where misunderstanding can be caused.Using of silence In some countries,silence is a sign of response,indicating that the listener is thinking about the original speakers words.Yet in some other occasions,silence may be a sign of hostility.In western meetings,
22、if your silence is longer than twenty seconds,people will feel uncomfortable.Of course,in other cultures,the customs are different.Knowing how much to say In some places,the less the better,while in other places,it is more appropriate to extend a small point longer.In the west,people tend to value s
23、peaking directly and to the point.When westerners say too much,it is likely for them to lose their ability to communicate well.Sequencing elements When is the appropriate point during a conversation to refer to a more sensitive issue?How soon in a negotiation is it reasonable to ask for directions?S
24、ince all cultures and systems can differ,it is important to know the importance of sequence in a conversation.So ask the right question in the right way.Dont ask too soon or too late.Sequencing and timing do matter in all cultures.Each of the mentioned differences can influence the course of communi
25、cation and can be responsible for conflict or escalation of conflict when it leads to misunderstanding or misinterpretation.While there is no easy way to learn about a given culture in any depth,pay attention to the general principles in communicating with people of backgrounds unlike our own.-v.to
26、defeat(another)in competition or conflict;conquer.战胜；在比赛或争斗中击败（他人）；征服e.g.In the final game Sweden easily overcame France.在决赛中，瑞典队轻松战胜了法国队。-to prevail over;surmount:胜过，克服，越过e.g.tried to overcome the obstacles of poverty.尽量克服贫穷的障碍-a.inclined to behave in a hostile fashion 侵犯的；挑衅的；倾向于敌对行为的e.g.As a teen
27、ager John was aggressive and moody.约翰十多岁时好斗暴躁-assertive,bold,and enterprising:积极的,过分自信的、大胆的和积极进取的e.g.an aggressive young executive.一个进取心很强的年轻管理人员-v.to surround;enclose 包围e.g.We allowed the warm water to embrace us.我们让温水包围我们-to include as part of something 包含，包括e.g.The talks embraced a wide range of
28、issues.这些谈话涉及的话题非常广泛。verbal-a.of,relating to,or associated with words:用言辞的，用文字的：属于、关于或涉及言辞的：e.g.a verbal picture.文字描述non-verbal-a.being other than verbal:无需语言的e.g.non-verbal communication 无需语言的交流-to mention or speak about 提到，谈及，说起e.g.I promised not to refer to the matter again.我答应过再也不提这件事了。-to descr
29、ibe or be connected to 描述，设计，与有关e.g.This paragraph refers to the events of last year.这一段说的是去年发生的事。-a.making you feel shy,ashamed or awkward 使人害羞的（或惭愧的，难堪的）e.g.an embarrassing mistake/situation/question 令人难堪的错误/处境/问题-n.a means of approaching,entering,exiting,or making use of;passage.通道，入口，出口，使用途径：接近、
30、进入、出去或使用的方法手段e.g.The police gained access through a broken window.警察从一扇破窗里钻了进去。-the right to approach,enter,exit,or make use of:接近权，享用权，出入权：接近、进入、出去或使用的权力：e.g.has access to the restricted area 有权进入禁区-n.the act of assessing;appraisal.评估，估价：估价的行为；评价e.g.What is your assessment of the situation?你对形势的看法如
31、何？-an amount assessed,as for taxation.核定的付款额e.g.a tax assessment 税款核定额-a.belonging to a lower or inferior class or rank;secondary.次要的；下级的，级别低的；第二等级的e.g.All other issues are subordinate to this one.所有其他问题都没有这一问题重要。-subject to the authority or control of another.隶属的：服从于他人的权威或控制的e.g.In many societies,w
32、omen are subordinate to men.在许多社会中，妇女都从属于男人。-n.one that is subordinate.部属，从属物e.g.the relationship between subordinates and superiors 上下级关系-a.too noticeable,direct,etc.in a way that is disturbing or annoying 侵入的，闯入的，侵扰的，烦扰的e.g.intrusive questions/sales methods 唐突的问题/硬性促销方式-when it is a question of so
33、mething 当涉及某事（或做某事）时e.g.When it comes to getting things done,he is useless.一涉及到做事，他就不中用了。-over and above;besides 加于之上；除之外又e.g.In addition to these arrangements,extra ambulances will be on duty until midnight.除了这些安排外，另增救护车值班至午夜。-n.submission or courteous yielding to the opinion,wishes,or judgment of
34、another；courteous respect 遵从，听从；敬重，尊敬e.g.The women wore veils in deference to the customs of the country.这些妇女带着面纱是遵从这个国家的习俗。cross-cultural communication跨文化交际，它指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际,也指任何在语言和文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。通俗来说就是如果你和外国人打交道（由于存在语言和文化背景的差异），应该注意什么问题，应该如何得体地去交流。salutation称呼，指的是人们在日常交往应酬之中，所采用的彼此之间的称谓语。各国、各
35、民族语言不同，风俗习惯各异，社会制度不一，因而在称呼与姓名上差别很大，如果称呼错了，姓名不对，不但会使对方不高兴，引起反感，甚至还会闹出笑话，出现误会。在人际交往中，选择正确、适当的称呼，反映着自身的教养、对对方尊敬的程度，甚至还体现着双方关系发展所达到的程度和社会风尚，因此对它不能随便乱用。social position社会地位，简称“地位”。社会成员在社会系统中所处的位置。一般由社会规范、法律和习俗限定。它常用来表示社会威望和荣誉的高低程度，也泛指财产、权力和权威的拥有情况。分先赋性地位(ascribed status)和自致性地位(achieved status)两种：前者取决于性别、年
36、龄、家庭关系等，后者往往与所受教育、职业和婚姻状况等有关。talk show脱口秀是从英语词组Talk Show（口才展示）中音意同译的精彩典范，脱口秀是形容人的口才很好，说出的话非常有吸引力，而且谈吐不俗，博得众人的喝彩。在西方,脱口秀是一个视频节目的栏目，也是一种主持风格。我国的相声艺术就被西方国家认为是脱口秀。You should be willing to be patient and forgiving,rather than hostile and aggressive.(1)rather than 与would 连用时，构成“would rather.than.”句式，意思是“宁
37、 愿而不愿”，表示主观愿望，即在两者之中选择其一。Shed rather die than lose the children.(2)rather than 不与would连用时，表示客观事实，意为“是而不是；与其不如”。它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介 词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等。He is an explorer rather than a sailor.The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap.We will have the meeting in the classroom rather th
38、an in the great hall.In Asian culture,people usually attach more importance to establishing and developing relationships at the beginning of a shared task.attach importance to:重视，认为重要 The government attaches great importance to education.We attach importance not only to our development in this centu
39、ry,but even more to our development in the next.In contrast,Americans tend to focus on the task at hand and let relationships develop automatically during the period that they work on the task.tend to:be inclined to 倾向于，往往会British people tend to be rather conservative.Men tend to be more disputative
40、 than women.1.How do you understand the key to cross-cultural communication?The key to cross-cultural communication is to understand the potential problems and adjust your behavior appropriately to overcome these problems.2.What will Americans think about your raising your voice?If you raise you voi
41、ce,some white Americans think it signs that a fight has begun,while some black feel that it signs an exciting conversation between friends.3.In eastern countries,what does open conflict mean?It is considered embarrassing and differences are worked out quietly.4.How can you choose an appropriate topi
42、c?In order to choose an appropriate topic,you should learn the customs surrounding the making of the deals and choose an appropriate topic to develop your conversation.5.In your opinion,what is the most important principle?Why?Open1.deference 2.aggressive3.intrusive4.escalate5.verbal6.conflict7.embr
43、aces8.subordinate9.gesture10.hostilitya.to clasp or hold close with the arms,usually as an expression of affection b.courteous yielding to the opinion,wishes,or judgment of another c.relating to,or associated with words d.a motion of the limbs or body made to express thoughtse.to increase,enlarge,or
44、 intensifyf.tending to intrude(especially upon privacy)g.belonging to a lower or inferior class or rankh.an unfriendly dispositioni.a state of disharmony between incompatible or antithetical persons,ideas,or interestsj.inclined to behave in an actively hostile fashion How to work together on the tas
45、k?How to establish relationships that promote the project?In Asian culture,people usually attach more importance to establishing and developing relationships at the beginning of a shared task.In contrast,Americans tend to focus on the task at hand and let relationships develop automatically during t
46、he period that they work on the task.如何共同致力于同一项工作?如何建立起能够促进本项目发展的人际关系?在亚洲文化中,人们通常更加重视在一项共同的工作刚开始时,就建立和发展人际关系。相反,美国人则往往注重手头的工作,让人际关系在工作的过程中自发地形成。1.网络是一个日益重要的通讯手段。Internet is an increasingly important means of communication.2.我从她的面部表情看出发生了很严重的事。I told from her facial expression that something serious
47、had happened.3.这项政策不受欢迎，在组织内部引起了很多矛盾。It was an unpopular policy and caused a number of conflicts within the organization.4.他把例行检查安排给了一个下属去做。He assigned the routine checks to one of his subordinates.5.我们已经共事好多年，建立了密切的关系。Wed worked together for years and developed a close rapport.Culture Shock Most pe
48、ople who move to a foreign country may experience a period of time when they feel very homesick and have a lot of stress and difficulty functioning in the new culture.This feeling is often called“culture shock”and it is important to understand and learn how to cope with culture shock if you are to a
49、dapt successfully to your new culture.First of all,its important to know that culture shock is normal.There are four stages of cultural adjustment,and it is necessary that you should be aware of these stages and can recognize which stage you are in so that you will understand why you feel the way yo
50、u do and that any difficulties you are experience are temporary,a process you are going through rather than a constant situation.The first stage is usually referred to as the excitement stage or the“honeymoon”stage.Upon arriving in a new environment,youll be interested in the new culture,everything
