1、Sierra Academy of Aeronautics IR GroundLesson 11TERPS(Terminal Instrument Approach Procedures):?Guidelines for establishing safe procedures to descend from the enroute segment and altitudes to a relatively low altitude near a runway at your destinationTwo general types of published instrument approa
2、ches:1.2.Precision:ILS,MLS,PAR,and GPS(?)Nonprecision:VOR,NDB,Localizer,ASR,and GPSPrecisionNonprecisionSegments of an instrument approach procedure(IAP):1.2.3.4.InitialIntermediateFinalMissed ApproachSegments of an instrument approach procedure(IAP):Feeder(or transition)Routes:?Not an approach segm
3、ent but provides a link between the enroute and approach structures.When shown,provides the course to be flown with published distance and minimum altitude.Feeder(or transition)Routes:Initial approach segment:Purpose is to provide a method for aligning your airplane with the approach course.This is
4、accomplished by using:1.2.3.4.Holding PatternDME ArcProcedure TurnRoute which intersects final approachBegins at the initial approach fix(IAF)and usually ends where it joins the intermediate approach segmentCourse Reversal through?Holding PatternCourse Reversal through?DME ArcCourse Reversal through
5、?Procedure TurnCourse Reversal through?Route which intersects final approach courseCourse Reversal through?Teardrop ProcedureIntermediate Approach Segment:?Primarily to position your aircraft for the final descent to the airport.Allows for final airspeed reduction,completion of checklists,and final
6、review of approach procedures.Begins at the intermediate fix(IF)and ends at the beginning of the final approach segment.Intermediate Approach Segments:(cont.)?If no IF,the intermediate segment begins when you are proceeding inbound to the final approach fix(FAF)and aligned with the final approach co
7、urse within the prescribed distance from the FAFNot all approaches have an intermediate approach segmentExample of intermediate approach segment:Example of no intermediate approach segment:Final Approach Segment:?Allows safe navigation to a point that may permit a safe descent to a landing.For preci
8、sion approaches,begins where glide slope is intercepted at the minimum glide slope intercept altitude.Final Approach Segment:(cont.)?For nonprecision approaches,begins either at the FAF or a point where aligned with the final approach course.Final approach segment ends at designated missed approach
9、point(MAP)or upon landing.MDA vs.DH(or DA)Example of Final Approach SegmentMissed Approach Segment:?Allows safe navigation from MAP to a point where another approach can be attempted or a safe diversion to alternate airport is made.Begins at MAP and ends at a designated navaid or published fix.Misse
10、d Approach Segment:(cont.)?For precision approaches,the MAP is reaching the DA on the glide slope.For nonprecision approaches,MAP occurs at a navaid,published fix,or after specified elapsed time from the FAFExample of Missed Approach SegmentChart Layout?Jeppesen and NOS charts differ in how and wher
11、e information depicted.Both publishers have made recent improvements in chart layout to ease“briefing”the procedure.?Chart Layout?Heading Section:Procedure name indicates type of approach system used,minimum equipment required,and runway served when straight-in landing procedure exists.Procedure ame
12、ndment number and date are used to verify latest procedure update.ILS RWY 12R.Amdt 20B 01155Plan View:?Displays“birds eye”view of entire approach.Shows only limited terrain and obstruction information.(Highest obstruction in bold on NOS charts)Reference points less then 400 AGL are usually not depic
13、ted.Scale,Enroute,and Feeder RingsPlan View:(cont.)?Minimum Safe Altitude(MSA)provides 1,000 of obstruction clearance within 25 NM of the indicated facility.There may be as many as four sectors.Does not guarantee navigation or communication!Only used for emergencies or VFR operations.Segments and Fe
14、eder RoutesCourse ReversalFrequency Information and Special NotesPlan View:(cont.)Profile View:?Shows approach in the vertical plane complete with flight path,minimum altitudes,step downs,missed approach procedure,limitations on course reversal,and TCH.Profile View:(cont.)?Step down fix vs.visual de
15、cent point(VDP)Step down allows descent to lower altitude or MDA VDP allows descent to runway for nonprecision approaches under special circumstances.(straight-in landing,visibility requirements)Profile View:(cont.)Example of Visual Descent Point(VDP)Example of a Stepdown fixAirport Sketch:?Displays
16、 runway layout,runway dimensions,airport lighting information,and orientation information for transition from approach to landing.In addition,airport elevation and touchdown zone elevations(TDZE)are given.Landing Minimums:?Minimums are based on aircraft categories.Aircraft categories are based on 1.3 Vso.Published minimums will depend on type of approach and runways used.DA vs.MDA,HAT vs.HAA,RVV vs.RVR,Straight-in vs.CirclingLanding Minimums:Special Notes:?A:Nonstandard Alternate MinimumsT:Nonstandard Takeoff Minimums/Textual DP
