1、Unit SixImproving Industrial Efficiency through Robotics采用机器人技术提高工业效率 Content Warming up Brief introduction of the text Analysis on the new words Analysis on the text(language points)Warming Up What are the advantages and the disadvantage of robots to human beings?汽车工业机器人喷漆机器人 点焊机器人装卸机器人 自动化机器人医学机器人
2、Brief introduction of the text 机器人在工业生产中的使用越来越普遍。目前大机器人在工业生产中的使用越来越普遍。目前大多数的机器人用于汽车工业,此外在别的工业领多数的机器人用于汽车工业,此外在别的工业领域虽然应用的程度低一些,(但也开始出现。它域虽然应用的程度低一些,(但也开始出现。它们已经可以代替人进行一些工作。们已经可以代替人进行一些工作。那么机器人与自动化机械有什么不同呢?它们的那么机器人与自动化机械有什么不同呢?它们的不同在于机器人完成某一特定任务后,可由计算不同在于机器人完成某一特定任务后,可由计算机重新编制程序去完成另一项任务。机重新编制程序去完成另一项
3、任务。现在科学家与工程技术人员正在研制新一代机现在科学家与工程技术人员正在研制新一代机器人,使机器人具有视觉、有触觉、并且能够做器人,使机器人具有视觉、有触觉、并且能够做出关键性的决策。未来机器人将会在许多领域代出关键性的决策。未来机器人将会在许多领域代替人的工作。替人的工作。Brief introduction of the text paras.(1-3)Robots are used in many areas Para.4 The difference between robots and other machines.Paras.(5-7)Technicians and engine
4、ers are trying to design new types of robots.Question What s the difference between robots and automatic machines?What functions will the new types of robots that technicians and engineers are trying to design have??Answer Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specifi
5、c task,they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one,while the automatic machines cannot.Answer They will be able to see objects;will have a sense of touch;will make critical decisions.Analysis on the new words:n.效率,功效 派生词:efficient a.有效率的;inefficient a.无效率的;inefficiency n.无效率 Eg.These ma
6、chines have raised efficiency many times.A good manager is both competent and efficient.好的经理应当是称职而且有效率的。区别:efficient 和effective efficient a.有效率的;effective a.有效的increasingly:ad.日益,越来越多日益,越来越多 派生词:派生词:increase v.增加,提高;增加,提高;increasing a.越越来越多的;来越多的;He is increasingly rude to me.他对我越来越粗鲁。他对我越来越粗鲁。This
7、argument became increasingly bitter.他们的争他们的争论越来越激烈。论越来越激烈。Industrial production as a whole increased by 20 percent.工业生产总体上增长了工业生产总体上增长了20%.expose:vt.暴露,揭露暴露,揭露 派生词:派生词:exposure n.暴露,揭露暴露,揭露 用法:用法:“to expose to+名词名词”将将 暴露于暴露于 之下;之下;使使 面临面临 Parents should not expose the children to violent program.父母不
8、应该让孩子接触暴力节目。父母不应该让孩子接触暴力节目。When she went to college,Mary was exposed to a lot of new ideas.玛丽上大学后接触到许多新思想。玛丽上大学后接触到许多新思想。We should expose children to new ideas.我们应该让孩子我们应该让孩子们接触新思想。们接触新思想。switch:n./v 开关,转换 Change、shift:改变,变换,转换 Having considered that problem,they switched their conversation to other
9、 matters.考虑了那个问题后,他们把话题转到其他问题上。None of us wishes to switch back to the old system.我们谁也不愿意回复到旧制度。In the last three years,he switched from one profession to another.在过去的三年里,他从一个职业转向另一个职业。turn on/off:switch on/off 打开、接通/关闭 critical:a.批评的,对谴责的,紧要的,危急的 criticize(se):v.批评 派生词:criticize v.批评,批判;criticism n
10、.批评;critic:n.评论家 His critical analysis was helpful.他的批评性分析很有帮助。The patient was in a critical condition.病人处于危险的情况。At the critical moment,we should be capable of facing any difficulties.be capable of=be able to 在关键时刻,我们应该有能力面对一切困难。He is critical of her ignorance of law.对于她对法律的无知,他持批评态度。phrases and exp
11、ressions in that:在于,原因是 in that 不能引导定语从句 in which 介宾结构,可引导定语从句 but that:若不是 now that:既然 I like the city,but I like the country better in that I have more friends in the country.我喜欢城市,但我更喜欢农村,因为在农村我有许多朋友。in question:正被谈论的 the objectunder consideration Where are the girls in question?谈论中的女孩们在哪?区别:in q
12、uestion,out of question,out of the question out of question 没有问题;To pass the exam is out of question.通过考试没问题.out of the question 不可能 Their victory is out of the question.They ve lost too many men.他们是不可能胜利的,他们损失的人太多。Analysis on the text 1.Robots,becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and indust
13、rial plants throughout the developed world,are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without humain tervention.becomingthe developed world”是一个现在分词短语是一个现在分词短语作定语作定语,相当于一个非限制性定语从句。相当于一个非限制性定语从句。“to perform industrial tasks”是动词不定式短语,用作是动词不定式短语,用作目的状语目的状语 在翻译时可以按照原文语序,即在翻译时可以按照原文语序,即“机器人
14、在所有发达国机器人在所有发达国家的工厂和其他工业部门里日益得到普遍的应用,通过编家的工厂和其他工业部门里日益得到普遍的应用,通过编程和策划在无人干预的条件下完成工业生产任务。程和策划在无人干预的条件下完成工业生产任务。”1.Most of todays robots are employed in the automotive industry,where they are programmed to take over(接管)such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies.where 引导非限制性定语从句
15、,对主句起补充说明作用。“目前大多数机器人用于汽车工业,它们按编程去承担轿车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这样的工作。”。2.They also load and unload hot,heavy metal forms used in machines casting automobile and truck frames.此句中,“casting automobile and truck frames”是现在分词词组作定语修饰machines,意思是:“铸造轿车和卡车框架的机械”;而“used in machines casting automobile and truck frames”又是“m
16、etal forms”的定语,因此本句的意思是:“机器人还可用来装卸铸造轿车和卡车框架的机械上使用的炽热、笨重的金属铸模(构件)。”1.Robots,already taking over human tasks in the automotive field,are beginning to be seen,although to a lesser degree,in other industries as well.本句中,“already taking over human tasks in the automotive field”是现在分词词组作非限定性定语,相当于一个非限制性定语从
17、句。其中“although to a lesser degree”是状语。“to degree”表示“在某种程度上”。翻译:“除了在汽车生产领域替代工人劳动外,机器人也开始在别的工业部门应用,虽然应用的程度上低一些。”2.There they build electric motors,small appliances,pocket calculators,and even watches.在其它领域机器人用来做电机,小的用具,袖珍计算器,甚至是手表。3.The robots used in nuclear power plants(核电站)handle the radioactive mat
18、erials,preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation.“used in nuclear power plants”是过去分词短语作定语修饰“the robots”此句话谓语是“handle”意思是搬运,处理。“preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation”是分词作状语。“prevent from doing sth.”是固定搭配表示“阻止 做”4.These are the robots responsible for the reduction
19、 in job-related injuries in this new industry.be responsible for:对。负责任 在新的工业领域中机器人用来减少所有与工作有关的事故的发生。1.What makes a robot a robot and not just another kind of automatic machine?译文:是什么使得一个机器人是机器人而不是一译文:是什么使得一个机器人是机器人而不是一个自动化机器呢?个自动化机器呢?make 可带有双宾语可带有双宾语 例如:例如:All work and no play made Jack a dull boy.
20、只工作不玩使杰克成了傻孩子。只工作不玩使杰克成了傻孩子。2.Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task,they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.在此句中,“in that”是复合连词。表示:“原因是,因为,在于”可以看作是引导原因状语从句。与“in that”相类似的复合连词还有:but that(若不是)now that(既然)等。3.As an example,a robot doing spo
21、t welding one month can be reprogrammed and switched to spray painting the next.句中doing spot welding one month 是分词短语作定语修饰robot;the next相当于 the next month 与前边的one month 相呼应。本句意思是:“例如,一个机器人这个月做点焊工作,下个月可以重新编程去做喷漆工作。”4.Automatic machines,on the other hand,are not capable of many different uses;they are
22、built to perform only one task.自动化机床,没有能力去做许多不同用途,它们被制造出来只是做一件事情。1.The next generation of robots will be able to see objects,will have a sense of touch,and will make critical decisions.下一代机器人将会有视觉、触觉并且能够做关键性的决策。2.Engineers(who are)skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing ar
23、tificial(人工的)vision for robots.在微电子学和计算机技术上有专长的工程技术人员正研制机器人的人工视觉。3.With the ability to“see”,robots can identify(识别)(识别)and inspect(检查)(检查)one specific class of objects out of a stack of different kinds of materials.介词短语中介词短语中“to see”是动词不定式作定语修饰是动词不定式作定语修饰“ability”.“out of”表示表示“从从里里”.句中句中with the abi
24、lity to see是作全句的状语。是作全句的状语。本句翻译:拥有了这种看的能力,机器人能够本句翻译:拥有了这种看的能力,机器人能够识别出不同种类的物体。识别出不同种类的物体。4.One robot vision system uses electronic digital cameras containing many rows of light-sensitive materials.一种机器人的视觉系统是用含有光敏材料的数字摄像机制作成的。5.When light from an object such as a machine part strikes the camera,the
25、sensitive materials measure the intensity of light and convert the light rays into a range of numbers.“when light from an object such as a machine part strikes the camera,”是一个状语从句。句中的“from an object such as a machine part”是介词短语作后置定语修饰light.意为:“当一个物体(如机器零件)上的光线照射到摄像机上时,主句中“convert into”意思是“把 转换成”a ra
26、nge of:一个。范围 6.The numbers are part of a grayscale system in which brightness is measured in a range of values.One scale ranges from 0 to 15,and another from 0 to 255.翻译:数字是灰度系统的一部分,在灰度系统中,一个范围内的亮度用一些数字被测量表示。一个刻度范围是0到15,另一个是0到225.7.The 0 is represented by black.The highest number is white.The number
27、s in between represent different shades of gray.数字“0”代表黑色,“255”代表白色。这两个数字之间的是各种不同灰度的颜色。8.The computer then makes the calculationsand converts the numbers into a picture that shows an image of the object in question.翻译:计算机将数字转变为图像,这些图像能够表明物体的形象。9.It is not yet known whether robots will one day have v
28、ision as good as human vision.本句的真正主语是“whether”引导的主语从句,it 是形式主语;“as good as human vision”是后置定语修饰“vision”.注意此句按照原语序翻译较好。“迄今尚不清楚机器人会不会有朝一日具有人眼那样的视力。”10.Technicians believe they will,but only after years of development.技术人员相信要使它变成现实,只能等待若干年之后。1.Engineers working on other advances are designing and expe
29、rimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers,giving robots a sense of touch。句中 working on other advances是现在分词短语作后置定语修饰engineers.giving robots a sense of touch 是现在分词短语作结果状语。从事其它领域的工程师,正在设计新型的手和手指,以便给机器人增添触觉。2.Other engineers are writing new programs allowing robots to make decisions such as wh
30、ether to discard(抛弃)defective(有缺陷的)parts in finished products.To do this,the robot will also have to be capable of identifying those defective parts.疑问词 to do sth.what to do how to do 疑问词是why 的时候要省略 to,通常用于否定。Eg.Why not ask him.why not=why dont you 其他的工程师,正在编一些允许机器人做出决策的程序,例如,是否抛弃那些有缺陷的零部件。为了做到这些,机器
31、人也必须能够识别出那些有毛病的零部件。1.These future robots,assembled with a sense of touch and ability to see and make decisions,will have plenty of work to do.此句中“assembled decisions”是一个过去分词作状语。“to see and make decisions”是不定式短语作定语修饰ability.2.They can be used to explore for minerals on the ocean floor or in deep area
32、s of mines too dangerous for humans to enter.句中句中explore 是不及物动词,词义是是不及物动词,词义是“勘探,勘勘探,勘察察”,后面跟介词,后面跟介词for,too to 太太 以致不能以致不能,太太 所以不所以不 例:例:Its too cold for us to go swimming.天气太天气太冷,我们不能去游泳冷,我们不能去游泳.全句大意是:全句大意是:“它们可用在海底探矿或进入对人有它们可用在海底探矿或进入对人有危险的矿井深处。危险的矿井深处。3.They work as gas station attendants,firem
33、en,housekeepers,and security personnel.本句翻译:机器人也能够作为煤气站的服务员,救火队员等保安作用。4.Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.想要了解未来工业的机器人,必须了解机器人学。译文 机器人在所有发达国家的工厂和其他工业生产部门日益普遍得到机器人在所有发达国家的工厂和其他工业生产部门日益普遍得到应用;机器人通过编制程序和策划在无人干预的条件下完成工业生产应用;机器人通过编制程序和策划在无人干预的条件下完成工业
34、生产任务。任务。目前多数机器人用于汽车工业,它们按编制的程序承担轿车和卡目前多数机器人用于汽车工业,它们按编制的程序承担轿车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作。机器人还可以用来装卸用于铸造车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作。机器人还可以用来装卸用于铸造轿车和卡车框架的机械中的炽热、笨重的金属铸模。轿车和卡车框架的机械中的炽热、笨重的金属铸模。除了已在汽车生产领域替代人工劳动外,机器人也开始出现在别除了已在汽车生产领域替代人工劳动外,机器人也开始出现在别的工业部门,虽然应用的程度低一些。在那里机器人制造电机、小型的工业部门,虽然应用的程度低一些。在那里机器人制造电机、小型器具、袖珍计算机甚至手表等。
35、在核电站使用的机器人处理放射性材器具、袖珍计算机甚至手表等。在核电站使用的机器人处理放射性材料,避免人员接触放射性物质。这样的机器人在这一新工业中用来减料,避免人员接触放射性物质。这样的机器人在这一新工业中用来减少职业性伤害。少职业性伤害。是什么东西决定一个自控装置是机器人而不是一个自动化机器呢?机器是什么东西决定一个自控装置是机器人而不是一个自动化机器呢?机器人与自动化机器不同之处在于机器人完成某一特定任务后,可由计算机重新人与自动化机器不同之处在于机器人完成某一特定任务后,可由计算机重新编制程序去完成另一项任务。例如,做电焊工作编制程序去完成另一项任务。例如,做电焊工作1个月后,可以重新编
36、制程个月后,可以重新编制程序而转成下个月做喷漆工作。反之,自动化机器不能有多种不同的用途,它序而转成下个月做喷漆工作。反之,自动化机器不能有多种不同的用途,它只是被制造成执行一项任务。只是被制造成执行一项任务。下一代机器人将有视觉和触觉功能,并且能够做出关键性的决策。在微电子学和计算机技术上有专长的工程技术人员正研制机器人的人工视觉。机器人有了“看”的能力便能在一堆不同类别的物中辨别和检查出某一特定物体。有一种机器人的视觉系统使用多排光敏材料的数字电子摄像机当一个物体(如机器零件)上的光线照射到摄像机上时,光敏材料能测量光的强度并将光线转变为一系列数字。这些数字是灰度系统的一部分,该系统以数值
37、表示亮度。有的灰度范围为0一15,有的灰度范围为0一255。0代表黑色,而最大的数值代表白色。中间的数字代表不同的灰色程度。然后由计算机计算,并将数字转换成一幅表示该物体形态的图像。迄今尚不清楚机器人会不会有朝一日具有人眼那样的视力。技术人员相信机器人会做到这一点的,但需要若干年的研究。从事其他先进技术研究的工程技术人员正在设计和试验新型金属手与手指,赋予机器人以触觉。还有的工程技术人员编制新的程序使机器人能确定诸如是否要报废成品中有缺陷的零件。要做到这一点,机器人还应能识别哪些零件有缺陷。具有触觉、视觉并能决策的未来机器人将要做许多工作。它们可用来海底探矿或进入对人危险的矿井深区。机器人还可
38、充当汽车加油站的服务员、消防员、勤杂工以及保安人员等。任何想要了解未来工业的人必须要了解机器人。【课文练习答案】.1.a 2.c 3.c 4.c 5.b .1.prevalent2.welding 3.appliance 4.switch 5.artificial 6.identify 7.convert 8.discard 9.defective10.assemble.1.f 2.d 3.b 4.j 5.c 6.i 7.e 8.g 9.h 10.a .1.not 2.use 3.sign 4.one 5.means 6.end7.him.1The use of robots has been
39、 increasingly prevalent in recent years.2The newly developed robots have the sense of vision,which allows them to see objects,and the ability of makingdecisions.3Robots are widely used in automotive industry.4Both light-sensitive materials and digital cameras are part of photographic equipment.5Robo
40、ts differ greatly from automatic machines.intense adj.热情的,强烈的,紧张的;热烈的,热情的,认真的;intensity n.强烈;(感情的)强烈程度;强度;烈度 intensive adj.加强的,强烈的;农精耕细作的;intensify vt.&vi.(使)增强,(使)加剧;增加(照片 图象)的对比度;变强或增强 词汇练习答案.1.a.efficiency b.efficient c.efficiently 2.a.has increased b.increasingly c.increasing pletely pleted plet
41、ion 4.a.intensifyb.intensity c.intensive d.intense .1.reduction 2.shade 3.appliance 4.prevalent 5.personnel 6.defective 7.specific 8.capable of 9.in between 10.asembled 11.expose.1At the critical moment,we should be capable of facing all difficulties.2After considering the problem,they switched their attention to other things.3Spray painting on the desks.4We should expose children to new ideas.5We have plenty of natural resources.6He is critical of her ignorance of the law.7He switched from one job to another in t he past three years.