1、选修七选修七 Unit 1 Living well Grammar:Revise the Infinitive 不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not/never to do”,不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语 有时用“for+名词或代词宾格”构成。不定式的定义不定式的定义1 1 结构结构 肯定式肯定式:to do 否定式否定式:not/never to do 二二.时态与语态时态与语态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般式一般式进行式进行式完成式完成式完成
2、进行式完成进行式不定式不定式 to do to be done to be doing to have done to have been done to have been doing-(1)They pretended not to see us.(2)He pretended to be sleeping.(3)She pretended to have known it before.(不定式一般式表示不定式一般式表示与谓语的动作同时与谓语的动作同时/几乎几乎/发生在它之后发生在它之后.).)(不定式不定式进行式进行式表示表示动作正在进行动作正在进行,与谓语动与谓语动词同时发生词同时发
3、生)(不定式完成式表示不定式完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作发生在谓语动作之前动作之前)(4)Were happy to have been working with you.(不定式完成进行式表示不定式完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候至说话的时候)1.作主语作主语(subject)2.作宾语作宾语(predicative)3.作宾语补足语作宾语补足语(object)4.作定语作定语(object complement)5.作状语作状语(attribute)6.作表语作表语(adverbial)7.作独立成分作独立成分(absolute construction)
4、8.与疑问词等连用与疑问词等连用三三.不定式的用法不定式的用法 Functions of Infinitive To see is to believe.Its important to learn English well.1.主语主语单个不定式作主语时单个不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数谓语动词用单数若不定式太长若不定式太长,往往用往往用itit作形式主语作形式主语,不不定式置后定式置后.I want to go home.I found it necessary to learn English.2.宾语宾语think/consider/find it+adj.+to do 常用动词不定式
5、作宾语的动词常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有：有：hope,refuse,learn,set out,choose,decide,agree,manage,pretend,plan,warn,tell,allow,help,ask,force等等.She asked me to do the work with him.I expect you to give me some help.3.宾补宾补五看五看 watch see look at observe notice三三使使 let make have 二听二听 listen to hear一感觉一感觉:feel+sb do sth（不带（不
6、带to）e.g.I made him do his work.He was made to do his work(by me).注意注意:1 help 后面的后面的“to”可省去可省去e.g.They often help the grandma(to)carry water.2 see,hear,watch,feel,notice,look at等表示感觉和等表示感觉和let,make,have等等表示使役的动词后面，不定式作宾语时表示使役的动词后面，不定式作宾语时要省要省“to”（注：被动语态不省（注：被动语态不省to）3 不定式用在介词不定式用在介词but,except,besides
7、后时后时,如果这些介词前有行为动如果这些介词前有行为动词词do的各种形式的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式那么介词后的不定式不带不带to,相反则带相反则带to.(1)She could do nothing but cry.(2)I have no choice but to go.(3)What do you like to do besides sleep.总结总结:前有前有do,do,后无后无to;to;前无前无do,do,后有后有to.to.I have something to say.He has a lot of homework to do.He is looking for a
8、room to live in.There is nothing to worry about.4.定语定语注意注意:如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式中要有介词则不定式中要有介词.Eg:请给我一支写字的笔请给我一支写字的笔.Please give me a pen to write with.不定式作定语时，应放在不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词被修饰词的后面的后面，而且放在其他后置定语之后。，而且放在其他后置定语之后。1)不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系：关系：(1)动宾关系动宾关系 I have a lot of
9、work to do.(2)主谓关系主谓关系 He is always the first to come.(3)同位关系同位关系 We all have a chance to go to college.2)作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。相应的介词。3)不定式所修饰的名词如果是不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。要省去。e.g.He is
10、looking for a room to live in.他在找一个房间住。他在找一个房间住。e.g.He had no money and no place to live.他没钱没地方住。他没钱没地方住。4)something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词常用不定式等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。做后置定语。e.g.Do you have anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗你有什么东西要寄吗?比较比较:Do you have anything to be sent?你有什么东西要你有什么东西要()我或别人我或别人)寄吗寄吗?I
11、 came here to see you.He got up early to catch the train.5.状语状语（表示目的（表示目的,原因结果或条件）原因结果或条件）in order to,so as to,enough to,only to,too.to.,在一些短语中也有体现在一些短语中也有体现My job to teach English.Your task to learn English well.isis6.表语表语7.独立结构独立结构to be frank,to be honest,To tell the truth,I dont agree with you.类似
12、的结构类似的结构8.与疑问词等连用与疑问词等连用He didnt know what to say.他不知道说什么。他不知道说什么。(宾语宾语)How to solve the problem is very important.如何解决这个问题很重要。如何解决这个问题很重要。(主语主语)My question is when to start.我的问题是什么时候开始。我的问题是什么时候开始。(表语表语)不定式与疑问词不定式与疑问词who,which,when,who,which,when,how,whathow,what等连用，在句中起名词作用，等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾
13、语等。可充当主语、表语、宾语等。注意：注意：在与在与whywhy连用时，只用于连用时，只用于whywhy或或why notwhy not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带不定式不带toto。Why not have a rest?四四.不定式的复合结构不定式的复合结构for sb.to do sth./of sb.to do sth.1.It is+for sb.to do sth.常用句型常用句型:It is difficult for you to read this book.2.It is+of sb.to do sth.It is sill
14、y of you to say so.注意注意:对对ofof后的宾语称赞或责备时后的宾语称赞或责备时,用此句型用此句型.for sb.to do sth.与与 of sb.to do sth.区别区别:It is difficult for you to read this book.You are difficult to read this book.It is silly of you to say so.You are silly to say so.总结总结:用介词后面的代词作主语用介词后面的代词作主语,用介用介词前边的形容词作表语词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子造个句子.如如果道理上
15、通顺用果道理上通顺用of,of,不通顺则用不通顺则用for.for.=想一想想一想 Could you find out the sentences with the infinitive in Reading“Martys Story”and identify their functions?(P2-3)Marty says2.I have learned to adapt to my disability.(L5)3.I used to climb trees and swim and play football.(L7-8)4.Then I started to get weaker a
16、nd weaker.(L9)1.The doctors dont know so they dont know how to make me well.(L5)Identify its function.Identify its function.宾语宾语宾语宾语宾语宾语宾语宾语5.Even after all the tests,no one could give my disease a name and it is difficult to know what the future holds.(L13)6.Sometimes,I am too weak to go to school.
17、(L16-17)7.I am happy to have found many things I can do.(L22-23)主语主语状语状语8.My ambition is to work in the firm that develops computer software when I grow up.(L24-25)状语状语表语表语9.Last year I inventedand a big company has decided to buy it from me.(L25-27)10.I have a very busy life with no time to sit aro
18、und feeling sorry for myself.(L27-28)11.To look after my pets properly takes a lot of time but I find it worthwhile.(L30-31)12.In many ways my disability has helped me grow stronger psychologically and become more independent.(L33-34)宾语宾语主语主语宾补宾补定语定语13.I have had to work hard to live a normal life,b
19、ut it has been worth it.(L33-34)14.If I had the chance to say one thing to healthy kids,it would be this:(L34-35)15.Just accept them for who they are and give them encouragement to live as rich and full a life as you do.(L36-37)介词介词状语状语定语定语定语定语Let me try!1.My teacher was made _ his teaching because
20、of poor health.A.giving up B.to give up C.give up D.given up2.The sentence wants _ once more.B.explained B.to explain C.being explained D.to be explained3.I found the German language hard _.learned B.learning C.to be learned D.to learn4.The secretary worked late into the night,_ a long speech for th
21、e president.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing5.The light in the office is still on.-Oh,I forgot _.A.turning it off B.turn it offC.to turn it off D.having turned it off6.The missing boys were last seen _near the river.B.playing B.to be playing C.played D.to play7._ in thought,he almos
22、t ran into the car in front of him.A.Losing B.Having lostC.Lost D.To lose8.-What do you think of the school?-It is a very good _.A.school to study in B.school for children to studyC.studying school D.school to study9.-Did you get a job?-No,I _,but its no use.A.expected B.tried to C.managed to D.plan
23、ned10.We find it impossible for the work _ahead of time.B.to finish C.finishing C.being finished D.to be finished11.-I usually go to Shanghai by train.-Why not _ there by boat for a change?to try to go B.try going C.to try going D.try to go12._ a living,she had to work from morning till night.A.To m
24、ake B.MadeC.Making D.To have made13.I would rather starve to death than _ for food.beg B.begging C.begged D.to beg14.The boy pretended _ when his mother entered.reading B.to read C.to be reading D.being read三三.语法填空语法填空 While English is getting more and more important in your schools,Chinese has beco
25、me popular among foreign kid.But Chinese can be more difficult 1_(learn).Many foreign kids thinks that Chinese characters have too many strokes,but they still want to learn it.Some South Korean students begin to learn 2_(write)the language on their first day at school.to learn to write 3_(help)stude
26、nts learn Chinese,South Korean holds popular speaking competitions for high school students every year.The Chinese Ministry of Education 4_(say)in the interview yesterday that last year nearly 33 million people from 85 countries 5_(learn)Chinese.Some even try 6_(write)and draw in a Chinese way.To he
27、lp said were learning to write China 7_(develop)so fast that foreign countries intend 8_(understand)China better to help them with business.The Chinese government is also helping the world learn Chinese.It 9_(send)more than 200 Chinese teachers to more than 60 countries in the world.Nowadays,more an
28、d more colleges 10_(set)up in foreign countries.is developing to understand has sent are being set 1.爱和被爱都是最大的幸福。爱和被爱都是最大的幸福。_ are both great happiness.2.中国人民决不会征服。中国人民决不会征服。The Chinese people refuse _3.据说他已经完成了他的工作。据说他已经完成了他的工作。He is said _.4.根据报道他们已安全到达。根据报道他们已安全到达。They are reported _To love and t
29、o be lovedto give in/be conqueredto have finished/completed his workto have arrived safely5.我想叫人立刻修理这辆自行车。我想叫人立刻修理这辆自行车。I want this bike _.6.玛利仿佛已经告诉这件事了。玛利仿佛已经告诉这件事了。Mary seemed _.7.众所周知，奥运会上他被授予了一枚金牌。众所周知，奥运会上他被授予了一枚金牌。He is known _ a gold medal at the Olympic.to be repaired at once/immediatelyto
30、have been told about itto have been givenIdentify its function.Identify its function.(subject)(subject)(predicative)想一想想一想(attribute)(attribute)(object)(object)(adverbial)(adverbial)(object complement)关于不定式中的小品词关于不定式中的小品词to (1)不定式中的动词上文已出现过不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下下文要省略该动词文要省略该动词.eg:Would you like to go with
31、me?Id like to.(2)不定式是不定式是to be 结构结构,be 不可省不可省.eg:Would you like to be a teacher?Id like to be.The question is very difficult to answer.The problem is difficult to deal with.1.主语主语be+adj.+to do 能用于此句型的形容词有能用于此句型的形容词有:difficult,easy,comfortable,fit,hard,pleasant,tiresome(使人疲劳的使人疲劳的),interesting,nice,heavy,dangerous,light,important,etc.主动形式表被动意义的不定式主动形式表被动意义的不定式The box is light enough to carry.The river water is warm enough to swim in.2.主语主语+be+adj.+enough+to do The books seemed too heavy to carry.The ice is too thin to skate on.3.主语主语+be +too+adj.+to do
