1、人教课标高一必修人教课标高一必修3 Unit 4单单词词名词名词与天文及物理相关：与天文及物理相关：astronomy,globe,atmosphere,gravity,satellite,physicist,spaceship,pull 与生物及化学相关：与生物及化学相关：atom,carbon,dioxide,acid,oxygen,biology,biologist 其它：其它：system,religion,theory,billion,chain,puzzle,climate 单单词词动词动词multiply,exist,crash,float 形容形容词词violent,funda
2、mental,harmful,gentle 副词副词thus介词介词unlike短短语语词词汇汇表表in time,lay eggs,give birth to,in ones turn,prevent.from,block out,cheer up,now that,break out,watch out for 课课文文in all directions,a cloud of,all sorts of,as well as,for the first time,be different from,have a chance to do sth.,make a trip,on ones jo
3、urney,push sb.back into,get the hang of 句句式式1.as+形容词形容词+a(n)+名词名词+as.例句：例句：When we get closer to the moon,we shall feel its gravity pulling us,but it will not be as strong a pull as the earths.2.now that引导原因状语从句引导原因状语从句 例句：例句：“Oh,dear,”I cried,“walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity ha
4、s changed.”语语法法主语从句主语从句1._ n.系统系统;体系体系;制度制度2._ n.学说学说;理论理论3._ n.大气层大气层;气氛气氛4._ prep.不同不同;不像不像5._ n.链子链子;连锁连锁;锁链锁链systemtheoryatmosphere unlikechain(一一)基本单词基本单词6._ n.气候气候7._ vi.&vt.碰撞碰撞;坠落坠落8._ n.&vt.拉拉(力力);拖拖;牵引力牵引力9._ vi.&vt.(使使)浮动浮动;(使使)漂浮漂浮 n.漂浮物漂浮物climatecrashpullfloat10._ adj.猛烈的猛烈的;激烈的激烈的;强暴的强
5、暴的 _ n.暴力暴力11._ adj.有害的有害的 _ n.伤害伤害;害处害处12._ vi.存在存在;生存生存 _ n.存在存在;生存生存violentviolence(二二)派生单词派生单词harmfulharmexistexistence13._ n.谜谜;难题难题 vt.&vi.(使使)迷惑迷惑;(使使)为难为难 _ adj.令人迷惑的令人迷惑的 _ adj.迷惑的迷惑的puzzlepuzzlingpuzzled1.及时及时;终于终于2.下蛋下蛋3.产生产生;分娩分娩4.轮到某人轮到某人;接着接着5.阻止阻止;制止制止in timelay eggsgive birth toin on
6、es turnprevent from6.感到高兴感到高兴;感到振奋感到振奋7.既然既然8.突发突发;爆发爆发9.密切注视密切注视;当心当心;提防提防10.挡住挡住(光线光线)cheer upnow thatbreak outwatch out forblock out1.No one knows exactly how the earth began,as it happened so long ago.没有人确切知道地球是怎样开始形成的没有人确切知道地球是怎样开始形成的,因为在很早以前它就形成了。因为在很早以前它就形成了。as引导的从句表示原因。引导的从句表示原因。2.What it wa
7、s to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.随后它会变成什么没人能知道随后它会变成什么没人能知道,直到直到38-45亿年前亿年前,这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。what引导主语从句。引导主语从句。3.This produced a chain reaction,which made it possible for life to develop.这就产生了一系列的反应这就产
8、生了一系列的反应,使得生命就有可能开始发展了。使得生命就有可能开始发展了。make it adj./n.for sb./sth.to do sth.4.,I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.,我发觉我被送出去很远我发觉我被送出去很远,步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍,因而我摔倒了。因而我摔倒了。times as.as.是是的几倍的几倍1.violent adj.猛烈的猛烈的;激烈的激烈的;强暴的强暴的 (课文原句课文原句)The earth became so violent
9、that is was not clear whether the shape would last or not.翻译：地球翻译：地球(开始开始)变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。【归纳归纳】violent crime 暴力犯罪暴力犯罪 【拓展拓展】violently adv.猛烈地猛烈地;激烈地激烈地 violence n.暴力暴力;暴行暴行2.harmful adj.有害的有害的 harm n.伤害伤害,损害损害 (课文原句课文原句)What many scientists believe is that the co
10、ntinued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.翻译：很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性特质溶解在海洋里。翻译：很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性特质溶解在海洋里。【归纳归纳】be harmful to 对对有害有害 do harm to 损害损害 There is no harm in doing sth./It does no harm to do sth.做某事没有
11、什么坏处。做某事没有什么坏处。3.exist vi.存在存在;生存生存 (课文原句课文原句)They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.翻译：它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。翻译：它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。【归纳归纳】exist on 靠靠为生为生 exist by 以以方式为生方式为生 exist in 存在于存在于之中之中 There exists/existed.某地有某地有;存在存在 【拓展拓展】existing adj.现有的，现存的现有的，现存的 e
12、xistence n.存在存在;生存生存 come into existence 产生产生;成立成立;开始存在开始存在 in existence 存在存在4.puzzle vt.使迷惑使迷惑;使为难使为难;使窘困使窘困;感到感到 迷惑迷惑 n.(游戏的游戏的)猜谜猜谜;难题难题;谜谜 (课文原句课文原句)How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve.(P27)翻译：地球上的生命是如何开始的，科学家发现很难解释这个最大的难题。翻译：地球上的生命是如何开始的，科学家
13、发现很难解释这个最大的难题。【归纳归纳】puzzle over/about sth.苦苦思索苦苦思索;仔细琢磨仔细琢磨 puzzle sth.out 琢磨出琢磨出的答案的答案【拓展拓展】puzzled adj.迷惑不解的迷惑不解的(常用来修饰人常用来修饰人)puzzling adj.令人迷惑不解的令人迷惑不解的(常用来修饰常用来修饰 事物事物)5.crash vt.&vi.碰撞；坠落碰撞；坠落 (课文原句课文原句)that a comet crashed into the earth long ago and caused the disappearance (P29)翻译：一颗彗星很久以前撞
14、上了地球，导致了它的消失翻译：一颗彗星很久以前撞上了地球，导致了它的消失【归纳归纳】crash作名词时，意为：坠毁，猛撞；碰撞声，破裂声；暴跌，倒闭，失败；（计算机系统的）崩溃。作名词时，意为：坠毁，猛撞；碰撞声，破裂声；暴跌，倒闭，失败；（计算机系统的）崩溃。如：如：More than one hundred people were killed in the plane crash.The vase landed on the floor with a crash.When the market crashed,they assumed the deal would be cancelle
15、d.A computer crash is very costly.crash作动词时，意为：碰撞，撞击（常与介词作动词时，意为：碰撞，撞击（常与介词into连用）；（使）猛撞；暴跌，倒闭，失败；崩溃。连用）；（使）猛撞；暴跌，倒闭，失败；崩溃。如：如：Kevin was drunk when he crashed the car.A truck went out of control and crashed into the back of a bus.We watched the waves crashing against the rocks.The company crashed wi
16、th debts of$20 million.The system crashed and I lost three hours worth of work.6.pull n.&vt.拉拉(力力);拖拖;牵引力牵引力 (课文原句课文原句)As the rocket rose into the air,we were pushed back into our seats because we were trying to escape the pull of the earths gravity.翻译：随着火箭的升空，由于我们在努力挣脱地球的引力，我们被向后推在座位上。翻译：随着火箭的升空，由于
17、我们在努力挣脱地球的引力，我们被向后推在座位上。【归纳归纳】pull apart 拆卸拆卸;拆散拆散 pull away (车辆等车辆等)开走开走 pull down 拆毁拆毁;摧毁摧毁(建筑物建筑物)pull in (车辆车辆)进站进站;停靠停靠 pull out 驶出驶出;退出退出 pull through 康复康复,痊愈痊愈 pull up 停车停车1.in time 及时及时;终于终于;总有一天总有一天 (课文原句课文原句)They were in time to produce carbon dioxide,nitrogen,water vapour and other gases,
18、which were to make the earths atmosphere.翻译：它翻译：它(地球地球)猛烈的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石，最终产生了二氧化碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而猛烈的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石，最终产生了二氧化碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。形成了地球的大气层。【拓展拓展】in no time 立刻立刻;马上马上 ahead of time 提前提前 at a time 每次每次;逐一逐一 at times 有时有时;间或间或 all the time 一直一直,始终始终 from time to time 有时有时;偶尔偶尔 many a ti
19、me 多次多次;常常常常 time after time 一次又一次一次又一次;总是总是 Thank God youre safe!I stepped back,just _ to avoid the racing car.A.in time B.in case C.in need D.in vain2.in ones turn 轮到某人轮到某人;接着接着 (课文原句课文原句)Thus they have,in their turn,become the most important animals on the planet.翻译：于是，他们接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物。翻译：于是，他们
20、接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物。【拓展拓展】in turn 轮流轮流;依次依次;逐个逐个 take ones turn 依次依次;轮流轮流 take turns to do sth.轮流做某事轮流做某事 Its ones turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事轮到某人做某事3.cheer up 感到高兴感到高兴;感到振奋感到振奋 (课文原句课文原句)I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth become smaller and th
21、e moon larger.翻译：我立刻感到很高兴，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着翻译：我立刻感到很高兴，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着(身后的身后的)地球越来越小，而地球越来越小，而(前方的前方的)月月球越来越大。球越来越大。【拓展拓展】cheer sb.on (赛跑赛跑/比赛等中比赛等中)以喝彩声以喝彩声 鼓励鼓励,为为(某人某人)加油加油 cheer for.为为欢呼欢呼 Cheers!(用于祝酒用于祝酒)干杯干杯!4.block out 挡住（光线）挡住（光线）(课文原句课文原句)As a result of this event,a great dust cloud fo
22、rmed in the sky blocking out the sunlight.翻译：这个事件的结果就是，天空形成了一团团的灰尘，遮蔽了阳光。翻译：这个事件的结果就是，天空形成了一团团的灰尘，遮蔽了阳光。【归纳归纳】block out意为：挡住，遮住（光线或声音）；忘掉，抹去（不愉快的事）；草拟（大纲等）。意为：挡住，遮住（光线或声音）；忘掉，抹去（不愉快的事）；草拟（大纲等）。如：如：That tree in the neighbors yard blocks out a lot of our light.She accuses me of having blocked out the
23、past.Just block out the main points for now and well sort the details out later.5.break out(战争战争/火灾火灾/疾病等疾病等)突发突发;爆发爆发 (课文原句课文原句)We watched,amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earths gravity increased.翻译：随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。翻译：随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。【拓展拓展】break away from
24、 突然挣脱突然挣脱;逃脱逃脱 break down 出故障出故障;垮掉垮掉 break in 强行进入强行进入;打断打断 break into sth.突然开始突然开始 break off 断开断开;中断中断 break through 取得突破取得突破 break up 结束，解散，分手结束，解散，分手1.This produced a chain reaction,which made it possible for life to develop.it是形式宾语是形式宾语,真正的宾语是不定式短语真正的宾语是不定式短语to develop。it作形式宾语时常用在作形式宾语时常用在find/
25、make/think/considerit adj./n.to do结构中。结构中。1.这么坏的天气这么坏的天气,我们发现爬到山顶是不可能的。我们发现爬到山顶是不可能的。We find it impossible to climb to the top of the hill in such bad weather.2.他认为学好英语口语对他来说是重要的。他认为学好英语口语对他来说是重要的。He considered it important for him to learn spoken English well.【仿写仿写】it作形式宾语作形式宾语,除指代不定式结构外除指代不定式结构外,还
26、可指代还可指代that引导的宾语从句。如：引导的宾语从句。如：They made it clear to the public that they did an important and necessary job.他们向公众表明他们向公众表明:他们所做的工作重要且必不可少。他们所做的工作重要且必不可少。2.“Oh dear,”I cried,“walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”now that引导原因状语从句引导原因状语从句,“既然既然,由于由于”,相当于相当于since,而且而且that可省
27、略。可省略。下列介词短语也可以用来表示原因下列介词短语也可以用来表示原因:due to 由于由于,归功于归功于 because of 因为因为 on account of 由于由于,因为因为 owning to 由于由于,因为因为 thanks to 由于由于,多亏多亏(多作表语或状语多作表语或状语)as a result of 由于由于 _ he once felt like giving up,he now has the determination to push further andkeep on going.(2015安徽卷安徽卷)A.Where B.As C.In case D.
28、Now that考点：考查状语从句考点：考查状语从句 句意：曾经让他感到想放弃的地方，现在他决心继续前进。句意：曾经让他感到想放弃的地方，现在他决心继续前进。where表示地点，引导让步状语从句；表示地点，引导让步状语从句；as引导让步状语引导让步状语从句常用倒装，即从句常用倒装，即tired as he has;in case表目的；表目的；now that表原因。这里指让他感到想放弃的地方。故选表原因。这里指让他感到想放弃的地方。故选A。A复合句中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。复合句中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。【要点精讲要点精讲】引导主语从句的词有连词引导主语从句的词有连词that,w
29、hether；连接代词；连接代词who,what,which；连接副词；连接副词when,where,how,why等。如等。如：Whether you can do it by yourself mainly depends on your ability,not your age.What I need most now is more time and more patience.When you can finish the work is of great importance.主语从句主语从句that引导主语从句时，在句中无实际意义，只起连接作用，不作句子成分。当它引导的主语从句置
30、于句首时，引导主语从句时，在句中无实际意义，只起连接作用，不作句子成分。当它引导的主语从句置于句首时，that不能省略；如果用不能省略；如果用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，从属连词作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，从属连词that可以省略。如：可以省略。如：That the teacher will come is certain.It is a pity(that)you made such a careless mistake.常见由常见由it作形式主语的句型如下：作形式主语的句型如下：It+be+n.+从句。常见名词有：从句。常见名词有：fact,rule,pleasure,
31、truth,pity等。如：等。如：It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.Its a rule that new members must sing a song.It+be+adj.+从句。常见形容词有：从句。常见形容词有：true,important,necessary,clear,certain等。如：等。如：Its true that the earth is round.It was important that you rest.It+v.+从句。常用动词：从句。常用动词：s
32、eem,appear,happen,follow等。如：等。如：It seems that Ive made a mistake.It appeared to scientists on earth that the stars had moved.It+be+v-ed+主语从句。常用过去分词：主语从句。常用过去分词：known,said,proven,asked,suggested等。如：等。如：Its well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.Its said that he was a spy during the
33、war.如果主语从句置于句首，则不能用如果主语从句置于句首，则不能用if引导，而用引导，而用whether；但如果用；但如果用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用也可以用if引导。如：引导。如：Whether Tom really saw Sharon was doubtful.It was doubtful whether/if Tom really saw Sharon.1._ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.(2015北京北京卷卷)A.Where B.How C.
34、Why D.When 句意：我们如何理解事情与我们所感受的有很大关系。根据句意可知，主语从句缺少方式状语，因此选择句意：我们如何理解事情与我们所感受的有很大关系。根据句意可知，主语从句缺少方式状语，因此选择how。故选故选B。B2.Exactly _ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain,but it was probably around 1565.(2014大纲卷大纲卷)A.whether B.why C.when D.how 句义：土豆确切是在何时被引进到欧洲还不确定，但是大约是在句义：土豆确切是在何时被引进到欧洲还不确定，
35、但是大约是在1565年左右。年左右。Whether表示表示“是否是否”，why表示表示“原原因因”；how表示表示“方式方式”。根据后半句。根据后半句it was probably around 1565.可知本句谈论的是时间。故可知本句谈论的是时间。故C正确。正确。C 3.(2016北京北京卷卷)24.Your support is important to our work._ you can do helps.A.However B.Whoever C.Whatever D.Wherever试题分析：题目考查主语从句。试题分析：题目考查主语从句。helps是是谓语，谓语，“_ you c
36、an do”是主语部是主语部分，分，do后缺少宾语，表示后缺少宾语，表示“任何事情任何事情”，因，因此用此用whatever引导，故选引导，故选C。C4.(2016江苏卷江苏卷)21.It is often the case _ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.A.why B.what C.as D.that试题分析：本句中试题分析：本句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是形式主语，真正的主语是连接词是连接词that引导的主语从句，连接词引导的主语从句，连接词that在在本句中不充当任何成分，只是一个引导词而本句中不充当任何成分，
37、只是一个引导词而已，不能省略。链接副词已，不能省略。链接副词why要在居中做状要在居中做状语，连接代词语，连接代词what通常在居中做主语，宾语或通常在居中做主语，宾语或表语等；表语等；as通常不引导名词性从句。句意：对通常不引导名词性从句。句意：对于那些心存希望的人一切皆可能是事实。于那些心存希望的人一切皆可能是事实。D用适当的连接词填空。用适当的连接词填空。It is known 1._ homework is an important part of school life in most countries around the world.However,2._ homework h
38、as a great educational value is still a debate among teachers.Some think 3._ homework takes too much time away from other more useful activities.Others see homework as reinforcing(加强加强)school lessons so that 4._ students have learned will not be forgotten.that thatwhetherwhat 5._ is often ignored in
39、 this debate is the role of parental involvement(参与参与)and 6._ or not the childs home provides support for effective(有效的有效的)homework.It was not clear to some people 7._ parental involvement can influence the effectiveness of homework.It is true 8._ parents in low-income families dont have the time to
40、 make homework more important than other things or arent able to afford a computer or additional books.how WhatwhetherthatHowever,9._ only middle-class parents support their childrens education is quite obviously wrong.Not all rich parents give the support they should,and some parents living in the
41、poorest conditions find time and energy to involve themselves in their childrens homework.that【写作任务写作任务】根据目前对某市高中生心理状况调查显示，大部分学生普遍存在的最严重的心理问题是自信心不足。主要原因有根据目前对某市高中生心理状况调查显示，大部分学生普遍存在的最严重的心理问题是自信心不足。主要原因有：1.学生交际范围狭窄；学生交际范围狭窄；2.家长的期望过高；家长的期望过高；3.学校存在不恰当的比较和评价学校存在不恰当的比较和评价(evaluation)方式。方式。说明文写作说明文写作如何解
42、决问题如何解决问题假如你是该市某英语学习报的兼职编辑，请根据以上提示信息，写一篇英文短文，点明问题，并给出合理的解决假如你是该市某英语学习报的兼职编辑，请根据以上提示信息，写一篇英文短文，点明问题，并给出合理的解决方法。方法。注意：注意：1.词数词数120左右。左右。2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。_【写作指导写作指导】解决问题类说明文，是针对某一问题，向读者提出具体的解决办法。解决问题类说明文，是针对某一问题，向读者提出具体的解决办法。该类文章主要包含以下内容：问题；产生的原因；如何解决；对解决办法的评价。该类文章主要包含以下内容：问题；产生的原因；如何解决；
43、对解决办法的评价。就本篇写作而言，可分为三个段落：就本篇写作而言，可分为三个段落：第一段：点明问题，明确需要解决的问题是学生的心理问题。第一段：点明问题，明确需要解决的问题是学生的心理问题。第二段：分析学生的心理问题存在的原因并提出解决问题的办法。第二段：分析学生的心理问题存在的原因并提出解决问题的办法。第三段：对所提出的解决方法进行适当论述。第三段：对所提出的解决方法进行适当论述。【常用表达常用表达】1.Problems:.is really a problem.One of the difficulties is./The question is.It is difficult/hard
44、to do.is a problem that we have to face.It is of great importance for us to.It has become the biggest concern of.Unless we take effective measures,it is likely that.According to a recent survey,there are more and more.2.Reasons:There is no doubt that the reason why.is that.The reasons for.can be lis
45、ted as follows.The following three factors contribute to.First of all,.Secondly,.Thirdly,.3.Solutions:It is high time that something were done to.We have figured out many ways to.Only in this way can we.To solve the mentioned problems,we must.Firstly,.Secondly,.Finally,.There might be two solutions.
46、The first one is to.We can solve the problem by.In other words,the best way to solve the problem is.4.Conclusions:In a word/To sum up.By doing.you will.With the help of.we can manage to overcome/pull through these difficulties.We must find out new ways to cope with any problems that would arise.【参考范
47、文参考范文】According to a recent survey,most high school students in our city appear to lack self-confidence,which has been the most serious psychological problem.The reasons can be listed as follows.The narrow range of interpersonal communication is one of the main reasons.The high expectation from pare
48、nts is often said to be another cause.Also,there still exist some improper comparison and evaluation methods in many schools.Its high time that something were done to solve the problem.First,students should communicate more with others.Second,parents should pay more attention to their childrens thou
49、ghts.Finally,schools should change their comparison and evaluation methods.In my opinion,all these changes will certainly help students build up their self-confidence as long as they are done properly.I.用适当的介词填空。用适当的介词填空。1.Charles was very gentle _ his two kids.2.Scientists have many theories about
50、how the universe first came _ existence.3.It was a thrilling experience for her to be _ her first journey to the USA all alone.4.Its reported that fruit juices can be harmful _ childrens teeth.with into onto5.Some understanding of grammar is fundamental _ learning a language.toas well as,in time,in
