1、ResultsResultsAdapted from Cargill(2017)The question(s)/problem(s)posed in IntroductionThe consequent dataIn Relation to the IntroductionThe way it was doneThe consequent dataIn Relation to the Materials&Methods SectionWhy is the Results section often referred to asthe“core”of the paper?Is it possib
2、le to re-state the specific research problem or the aim of the current project in the Results section?Is it possible to compare your own results with those of other researchers?How do you know which results to describe in detail?Why not describe all of them in detail?Can you talk about limitations o
3、f the research in the Results?Questions to ponderPresent your results in logical sequence,giving the main and most important findings first.ICMJEDo not repeat all the data in the tables or figures in the textProvide data on all primary and secondary outcomes identified in the Methods SectionGive num
4、eric results not only as derivatives(e.g.percentage)but also as the absolute numbers from which the derivatives were calculated,and specify the statistical significance attached to them,if any.Restrict tables and figures to those needed to explain the argument of the paperUse graphs as an alternativ
5、e to tablesDo not duplicate data in graphs and tablesAvoid nontechnical uses of technical terms in statistics,such as“random”or “significant”Separate reporting of data by demographic variables,such as age and sex,facilitate pooling of data for subgroups across studies and should be routineICMJE Use
6、an introductory statement to summarize the observations or orients the reader to the text to follow Use subheadings to orient the readerMove in Writing Results SectionStep1:A metatextual expression referring to later text or a visual elementE.g.Mean blood pressures for the two groups are shown in fi
7、g.1.Step 2:A statement of the resultsE.g.The treatment group had lower mean arterial pressure than the control group.Step 3:A substantiation or reiteration of the resultsE.g.At 3 months,MAP in the treatment group was 103 mmHg lower than in the control group (p0.01).”Moves in Writing Results SectionR
8、esults in different types of researchClinical trials:Characteristics of recruited subjects Observations Establishing associations between outcomesBasic medical research Describing from phenomenon to mechanismTables are most useful forRecording data(raw or processed data);Explaining calculations or s
9、howing components of calculated data;Showing the actual data values and their precision;and allowing multiple comparisons between elements in many directions.Figures are most useful forShowing an overall trend or“picture”;Comprehension of the story through“shape”rather than the actual numbersAllowin
10、g simple comparisons between only a few elements.Figure,table or text?The choice between table aTABLEnd figureFIGUREWorking withNumberShapeConcentrating on Individual dataOverall patternAccurate or precise actual valuesMore important Less importantFigure,table or text?Figure,table or text?How to des
11、ign effective tables?“How do I arrange the data?”Attempts to dress up scientific data are usually doomed to failure.When to use graphs?Each graph should be as simple as possible.How to prepare effective figures/graphs?Explain what the data being presented areHighlight key points of the part of the r
12、esults story being presented in the table/figureThis makes reviewers job easierImproves readability of articles for all readersCheck examples from papers similar to yours in your target journal for ideas about how to write titles and legendsTable titles and figure legendsA title that summarizes what
13、 the figure is aboutDetails of results or models shown in the figureAdditional explanation of the components of the figure,methods used,or essential details of the figures contribution to the results storyDescription of the units or statistical notion includedExplanation of any other symbols or nota
14、tion usedFigure legendsAll tables and figures should be presented sequentially and referred to in that order in the text The first table you refer to in the text will be labelled as T able 1All tables and figures must be referred to (mentioned,discussed)in the textReference to tables and figures in
15、the textExamine data display Examine the selected paper for the types of data and how they are displayed.1.Is the overall picture or trend obvious in the way the data are presented?2.What comparisons between elements interest you,and does the presentation type and style make these comparisons easy?3
16、.Are the necessary details of datasets presented to allow you to make calculations from the data?4.Does the figure have any weaknesses?Homework AssignmentTask Description:The following observations were made as a result of experiments conducted by a hospital with respect to four types of E.Coli bacterial strains.Read it carefully and decide whether it is a well written Results section.Why or why not?Deadline:Nov.4th,12:00 am.Submit the electronic version of your assignment to .The subject of the email should be“Tuesday 34/Thursday67+Name+Task5”Thanks 单击此处编辑副标题内容
