1、v 糖尿病肾病是糖尿病最常见的慢性微血管并发症之一糖尿病肾病是糖尿病最常见的慢性微血管并发症之一 v 肾脏病理表现以肾脏病理表现以肾小球周边部位出现嗜酸性肾小球周边部位出现嗜酸性K-W结节(糖尿病结节(糖尿病性节段性肾小球硬化症)为特征,性节段性肾小球硬化症)为特征,v 临床上可表现为蛋白尿、水肿、高血压、贫血、肾功能不全等临床上可表现为蛋白尿、水肿、高血压、贫血、肾功能不全等v 在美国和欧洲许多国家,糖尿病肾病已成为终末期肾病的首要在美国和欧洲许多国家,糖尿病肾病已成为终末期肾病的首要病因病因糖尿病肾病糖尿病肾病v Mogensen 将糖尿病肾病分为将糖尿病肾病分为5期期 v 期:肾小球高滤
2、过期,以肾小球滤过率增高和肾体积增大期:肾小球高滤过期,以肾小球滤过率增高和肾体积增大为特征为特征 v 期:正常白蛋白尿期,肾小球已出现结构改变,包括基底期:正常白蛋白尿期,肾小球已出现结构改变,包括基底膜增厚和系膜基质增加,本期可伴有运动后白蛋白尿增加膜增厚和系膜基质增加,本期可伴有运动后白蛋白尿增加 v 期:早 期 糖 尿 病 肾 病 期,期:早 期 糖 尿 病 肾 病 期,U A E 持 续 高 于持 续 高 于 2 0 200g/min(相当于相当于30300m g/24h)v 期:临床糖尿病肾病期或显性糖尿病肾病期,期:临床糖尿病肾病期或显性糖尿病肾病期,UAE200 g/min或持
3、续尿蛋白或持续尿蛋白0.5g/d,为非选择性蛋白尿,为非选择性蛋白尿v 期:肾功能衰竭期期:肾功能衰竭期 糖尿病肾病分期糖尿病肾病分期1.糖尿病患者应该每年常规进行糖尿病肾病的筛查。1型糖尿病在确诊5年后进行初筛。2型糖尿病确诊后应该立即开始筛查。2.尿白蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR)增高时应排除尿路感染,并在接下来36个月收集2次晨尿标本重复检测。3.3次尿标本检测结果有2次达到标准则可确诊。4.晨尿为最佳检测标本。5.ACR 较单纯白蛋白测定更具早期诊断价值。KDOQI.KDOQI Clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recomm
4、endations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease.Am.J.Kidney Dis.49,S12S154(2007).平均DM病程已超过 5年,出现微量白蛋白尿UAE 20 200 g/min(30300mg/24hr)即微量蛋白尿期,临床诊断为早期DKD伴有特异性视网膜病变,DKD诊断确定DM病人排除其他原因引起的肾脏损害,出现蛋白尿或肾功能不全即要考虑 DKD。6糖尿病肾病糖尿病肾病 临床诊临床诊断断v 患者有无糖尿病视网膜病变也很重要,这是因为糖尿病视网膜患者有无糖尿病视网膜病变也很重要,这是因为糖尿病视网膜病变通常与糖尿病肾病并存,是糖尿
5、病肾病的诊断线索病变通常与糖尿病肾病并存,是糖尿病肾病的诊断线索 v 同时应对糖尿病的其它并发症如周围血管病和自主神经病进行同时应对糖尿病的其它并发症如周围血管病和自主神经病进行评价,因为这些病变也经常与糖尿病肾病变并存,并与升高的评价,因为这些病变也经常与糖尿病肾病变并存,并与升高的发病率及死亡率有关发病率及死亡率有关 v 肾组织病理学检查是诊断糖尿病肾病的唯一金指标肾组织病理学检查是诊断糖尿病肾病的唯一金指标其他其他DKD基本病理改变分两种:弥漫性肾小球硬化弥漫性肾小球硬化结节性肾小球硬化结节性肾小球硬化 糖尿病肾病病理诊断糖尿病肾病病理诊断Tervaert,T.W.et al.J.Am.
6、Soc.Nephrol.21,556563(2010).糖尿病肾病的病理分类糖尿病肾病肾小球分类糖尿病肾病肾小球分类I类 轻度或非特异性的LM改变和基底膜增厚IIa类:轻度系膜扩张IIB类:重度系膜扩张III类:结节性硬化症IV类:晚期糖尿病肾小球硬化糖尿病肾病间质和血管的分类糖尿病肾病间质和血管的分类间质病变间质纤维化及肾小管萎缩血管病变小动脉玻璃样变大血管动脉硬化的存在Tervaert,T.W.et al.Pathologic classification of diabetic nephropathy.J.Am.Soc.Nephrol.21,556563(2010).1、胱抑素C(cys
7、tatin c)胱抑素C.是一种半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,广泛存在于各种组织的有核细胞和体液中,是一种低分子量、碱性非糖化蛋白质,分子量为13.3KD,由122个氨基酸残基组成。循环中的胱抑素c仅经肾小球滤过而被清除,是一种反映肾小球滤过率变化的内源性标志物,并在近曲小管重吸收,但重吸收后被完全代谢分解,不返回血液;因此,其血中浓度由肾小球滤过决定,而不依赖任何外来因素,如性别、年龄、饮食的影响,是一种反映肾小球滤过率变化的理想同源性标志物。l研究显示CysC检出糖尿病肾病的灵敏度为40%,特异性为100%,因此有必要在诊断糖尿病而无证据有肾病患者中定期检测CysC浓度变化以观察其与糖尿病微血管病
8、变的关系。Krolewski,A.S.et al.Serum concentration of cystatin C and risk of end-stage renal disease in diabetes.Diabetes Care 35,23112316(2012).hs-CRP是急性时相反应蛋白中最敏感的指标。正常人血清中hs-CRP含量极微。据报道hs-CRP与糖尿病患者微量清蛋白、内皮功能紊乱以及慢性低水平炎症相关联6。hs-CRP能通过影响内皮细胞使内皮功能受损,微血管病变会加速动脉硬化进展。hsCRP致DIN的可能发病机制为慢性炎症,慢性炎症可通过造成肾血管内细胞和系膜细胞
9、的损害等多种途径使肾脏损伤。在糖尿病及其并发症的发生、发展中,炎症反应起着重要的作用Hansen,T.K.et al.Association between mannose-binding lectin,high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and the progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia 53,15171524(2010).骨形态发生蛋白属于转化生长因子B(transforming growth factorB,TGF-B)超家族成员之一,它是一组具有类似结
10、构的高度保守功能蛋白,主要表现在体内诱导骨和软骨形成。在链脲霉素诱导的糖尿病肾病大鼠中用免疫组化及RTPCR来检测蛋白的表达,结果表明在糖尿病肾病早期BMP-7表达增加Yeh CH,Chang CK,Cheng MF,et a1The antioxidative efect of bone morphogenetie protein-7 against high glucose-induced odatire stress in mesangial cellsBiochem Biophys Res Commun,2009,382(2):292-2973、骨形态发生蛋白、骨形态发生蛋白(bone
11、 morphogenetic protein,BMP)l甘露糖结合蛋白(Mannose binding protein MBP)也称为甘露糖结合凝集素,是ca2+依赖型(C型)凝集素家族一员。l FinnDiane 试验对156名1型糖尿病患者进行研究,研究发现MBP-C随着蛋白尿的增加而显著增加Hovind,P.et al.Mannose-binding lectin as a predictor of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes:an inception cohort study.Diabetes 54,15231527(2005).u 转铁蛋白
12、的等电点比白蛋白高。一般来说,具有较高等电点的蛋白质更易滤入肾小球囊。u 所以从理论上讲当肾小球发生损害时Tr要比Alb更早从尿中排出。u UTr既反映肾小球滤过功能,也反映了肾小管吸收功能的损害,可能是较UAlb更早地反映肾损害的标志物。在糖尿病患者中发现Lp(a)血清水平明显高于一般人群,Lp(a)水平的升高是糖尿病并发微血管病变、冠心病的一个重要因素,其作用方式与Lp(a)致动脉粥样硬化相似;研究显示DN早期LP(a)也是升高的。Makinen,V.P.et al.Sphingomyelin is associated with kidney disease in type 1 diab
13、etes(The FinnDiane Study).Metabolomics 8,369375(2012).16(一)控制血糖(二)降压、降蛋白尿(三)降血脂,改善高凝状态(四)肾脏替代治疗 HbA1C 7.0%餐前血糖 70130 mg/dl(3.97.2 mmol/l)餐后随机血糖 180 mg/dl(10.0 mmol/l)17Diabetes Care January 2013 36:S11-S61DKD早期和进入ESRD前的治疗尤为重要 严格控制血糖在非临床期具有预防肾脏病变进展的作用在非临床期具有预防肾脏病变进展的作用 对已有临床DKD的患者维持正常血糖水平仍不能阻滞或逆转肾病的进
14、展维持正常血糖水平仍不能阻滞或逆转肾病的进展应高度认识早期防治的重要性应高度认识早期防治的重要性Perkovic,V.et al.Kidney Int.83,517523(2013).Glucose lowing 强化血糖控制改善2型糖尿病患者的肾脏预后20Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes N Engl J Med 358:2545-2559,200821多中心随机对照多中心随机对照(RCT)(RCT)1025110251例例 2 2型糖尿病,平均年龄型糖尿病,平均年龄62.262.2岁,岁,平均平均HbA1c 8.1HbA1c
15、 8.1强化治疗组:强化治疗组:HbA1cHbA1c目标值目标值 6.0%6.0%标准治疗组:标准治疗组:HbA1cHbA1c目标值目标值 7.07.07.97.9主要复合终点:主要复合终点:非致死性心梗、非致死性中风或因心血管原因所导致非致死性心梗、非致死性中风或因心血管原因所导致的死亡的死亡22结结 果果强化治疗组强化治疗组HbA1c 6.4标准治疗组标准治疗组HbA1c 7.53.53.5年中复合终点事件发生:年中复合终点事件发生:强化治疗组强化治疗组352例,标准治疗组例,标准治疗组371例(例(p=0.16)3.53.5年中死亡:年中死亡:强化治疗组强化治疗组257例,标准治疗组例,
16、标准治疗组203例(例(p=0.04)需要医疗干预的低血糖、体重增加更常见于强化治疗组需要医疗干预的低血糖、体重增加更常见于强化治疗组 (P P0.0010.001)与标准治疗组相比,强化治疗组有更高的死亡率,主要的心血管事件并未明显减少。2324HbA1c2526(一)控制血糖(二)(三)降血脂,改善高凝状态(四)肾脏替代治疗27In a recentnonrandom i zed st udy of66peopl e w i t h BM I of30 35 kg/m2,88%of parti ci pants had rem i ssi on of thei rt ype 2 di ab
17、etesup t o 6 yearsaf t ersurgery(235).Bari atri csurgeryi scostl yi n t heshort-t erm and has som e ri sks.Rates ofm or-bi di t yand m ort al i tydi rect l yrel at ed t o t hesurgery have been reduced consi derabl yi n recent years,w i t h 30-day m ort al i t yrates now 0.28%,si m i l ar to those of
18、l aparoscopi c cholecystectom y(236).Longer-term concerns i ncl ude vi tam i nand m i neraldef i ci enci es,osteoporosi s,and rare butof ten severe hypogl ycem i afromi nsul i n hypersecreti on.C ohortstudi es attem pti ng to m atch subj ectssuggest that the procedure m ay reducel onger-term m ort a
19、l i t y rates(237).Recentretrospecti ve anal yses and m odel ingstudi es suggest that these proceduresm aybecost-ef f ect i ve,w hen oneconsi dersreducti on i n subsequentheal th carecosts(238 240).Som e cauti on about the benef i ts ofbari atri c surgery m i ghtcom ef rom recentstudi es.Propensi ty
20、 score adj usted anal-ysesofol derseverel y obesepati entsw i thhi gh basel i ne m ortal i ty i n Veterans Af-f ai rs M edi calCenters f ound thatthe useofbari atri c surgery w as not associ atedw i th decreased m ortal i ty com pared w i thusualcare duri ng a m ean 6.7 years off ol l ow-up(241).A s
21、tudy that f ol l ow edpati ents w ho had undergone laparo-scopicadjustablegastricbanding(LAG B)for 12 years found that 60%w eresati sf i ed w i th theprocedure.N earl yone out of three pati ents experi encedband erosi on,and al m osthal frequi redrem ovalofthei rbands.Theauthors con-cl usi on w asth
22、at“LAGB appearsto resul ti n rel ativel y poor l ong-term outcom es”(242).Studi esofthe m echani sm s ofgl y-cem i ci m provem entand l ong-term bene-f its and ri sks of bari atri c surgery i ni ndi vi dual s w i th type 2 di abetes,espe-ci al l y those w ho are notseverel y obese,w i l lrequi re w
23、el l-desi gned cl i ni caltri al s,w i th opti m alm edi caland l i f estyl e ther-apy ofdi abetes and cardi ovascul ar ri skf actorsasthecom parator.M.Im m uni zati onRecom m endati onscAnnual l y provi de an i nf l uenza vacci neto al ldi abeti c pati ent s$6 m ont hs ofage.(C)cAdm i ni st erpneum
24、 ococcalpol ysacchari devacci net o al ldi abet i cpat i ent s$2 yearsofage.A one-t i m e revacci nat i on i srec-om m ended f ori ndi vi dual s.64 yearsofage previ ousl y i m m uni zed when t heyw ere,65 years ofage i fthe vacci new asadm i ni stered.5 yearsago.O theri ndi cati ons f or repeat vacc
25、i nati on i n-cl ude nephroti c syndrom e,chroni crenaldi sease,and otheri m m unocom-prom i sed states,such as af ter trans-pl antati on.(C)cAdm i ni ster hepati ti s B vacci nati on tounvacci nated adul t sw i th di abetesw hoareaged 19 t hrough 59 years.(C)cConsi deradm i ni st eri ng hepat i t i
26、 sB vac-ci nat i on t o unvacci nat ed adul t s wi t hdi abet eswho areaged$60 years.(C)Inf l uenzaand pneum oni aarecom m on,prevent abl e i nf ect i ousdi seases associ atedwi t h hi gh m ort al i t y and m orbi di t y i n t heel derl y and i n peopl e wi th chroni c di s-eases.Though t here are l
27、 i m i t ed st udi esreport i ng t he m orbi di t y and m ort al i ty ofi nf l uenza and pneum ococcalpneum oni aspeci f i cal l y i n peopl e wi t h di abet es,ob-servat i onalst udi es ofpat i ent s wi t h a va-ri ety of chroni c i l l nesses,i ncl udi ngdi abet es,show t hatt hese condi ti ons ar
28、eassoci ated wi t h an i ncrease i n hospi t al-i zat i ons f or i nf l uenza and i t s com pl i ca-t i ons.Peopl e wi t h di abet es m ay be ati ncreased ri sk oft he bact erem i c f orm ofpneum ococcal i nf ect i on and have beenreport ed t o haveahi gh ri sk ofnosocom i albact erem i a,whi ch has
29、a m ort al i t y rate ashi gh as50%(243).Saf e and ef f ecti ve vacci nes are avai l-abl e t hat can greatl y reduce t he ri sk ofseri ouscom pl i cat i onsf rom t hesedi seases(244,245).In a case-controlseri es,i nf l u-enza vacci ne w as show n to reduce di a-betes-rel ated hospi taladm i ssi on b
30、y asm uch as 79%duri ng f lu epidem i cs(244).Therei ssuf f i ci entevi denceto sup-port that people w ith diabetes haveappropri ate serol ogi caland cl i ni calre-sponses t o these vacci nati ons.The Cen-ters f or Di sease Controland Preventi on(CD C)Advi sory Com m i t tee on Im m uni-zati on Prac
31、ti ces recom m ends i nf l uenzaand pneum ococcalvacci nesf oral li ndi-vi dual s w i th di abetes(http:/w w w.cdc.gov/vacci nes/recs/).Late i n 2012,the Advi sory Com m i t-t eeon Im m uni zati on Pract i cesoftheCDCrecom m ended t hatal lprevi ousl y unvac-ci nated adul ts w i th di abetes aged 19
32、through 59 years be vacci nated agai nsthepat i ti sB vi rus(H BV)assoon aspossi bl eaf t era di agnosi sofdi abetesi sm ade andt hatvacci nat i on be consi dered f or t hoseaged$60 years,af t erassessi ng ri sk andl i kel i hood ofan adequate i m m une re-sponse(246).At l east 29 outbreaks ofH BV i
33、 n l ong-term care f aci l i t i esand hos-pi tal s have been reported to the CD C,w i th the m aj ori ty i nvol vi ng adul ts w i thdi abetesrecei vi ng“assi sted bl ood gl ucosem oni t ori ng,”i n w hi ch such m oni tori ngi sdone by a heal th care prof essi onalw i thresponsi bi l i t y f orm ore
34、 than one pat i ent.H BV i shi ghl yt ransm i ssi bl eand stabl ef orl ong peri odsofti m e on surf aces such asl anci ngdevi cesand bl ood gl ucosem eters,even w hen no bl ood i svi si bl e.Bl ood suf-f i ci entt o t ransm i tt hevi rushasal so beenf ound i n the reservoi rs ofi nsul i n pens,resul
35、ti ng i n w arni ngs against shari ngsuch devi cesbetw een pati ent s.The CD C anal yses suggest that,ex-cl udi ng persons w i t h H BV-rel ated ri skbehavi ors,acute H BV i nf ecti on i s aboutt w i ceashi gh am ong adul t sw i th di abet esaged$23 years com pared w i th adul tsw i t houtdi abetes.
36、Seropreval ence ofanti-bodytoH BV coreanti gen,suggesti ngpastorcurrenti nf ect i on,i s60%hi gheram ongadul tsw i t h di abetes t han t hose w i thout,and there i ssom e evi dence thatdi abet esi m parts a hi gher H BV case f atal i ty rate.Theagedi f f erenti ati on i n therecom m en-dat i onsst e
37、m sf rom CD C econom i cm od-el s suggesti ng thatvacci nati on ofadul t sw i t h di abetesw ho w ereaged 20 59 yearsw oul d cost an esti m ated$75,000 perqual i ty-adj usted l i fe-year saved,w hi l ecost per qual i ty-adj usted l i f e-year savedi ncreased si gni f i cant l y athi gher ages.Inaddi
38、 ti on t o com pet i ngcausesofm ort al i tyi n ol deradul t s,the i m m une response tot hevacci ne decl i nesw i t h age(246).Thesenew recom m endat i onsregard-i ng H BV vacci nat i onsserveasarem i ndert o cl i ni ci ansthatchi l dren and adul tsw i t hdi abetes need a num ber ofvacci nati ons,b
39、ot h t hose speci f i cal l y i ndi cated becauseofdi abetesasw el last hoserecom m endedf or the generalpopul at i on(ht t p:/w w w.cdc.gov/vacci nes/recs/).V I.P R EV EN TIO N A N DM A N A G EM EN T O F D IA B ETESCO M P LICA TIO N SA.CVDCVD i st hem aj orcauseofm orbi di ty andm ort al i t y f or
40、 i ndi vi dual s w i t h di abetesand the l argestcont ri butor to t he di rectand i ndi rectcost sofdi abet es.Thecom m oncondi t i onscoexi st i ng wi t h t ype 2 di abet es(e.g.,hypert ensi on and dysl i pi dem i a)arecl ear ri sk f act ors f or CVD,and di abet esi t sel fconf ersi ndependentri s
41、k.N um erousst udi es have show n t he ef f i cacy ofcon-trol l i ng i ndi vi dual cardi ovascul ar ri skf act ors i n prevent i ng or sl owi ng CVD i nS28DIABETESCARE,VO LU M E36,SU PPLEM EN T1,JAN UARY2013care.di abetesj ournal s.orgPosi ti on Statem ent1.Hypertension/blood pressure controlRecomme
42、ndationsScreening and diagnosis Blood pressure should be measured at every routine visit.Patients found to have elevated blood pressure should have blood pressure confirmed on a separate day.(B)GoalsPeople with diabetes and hypertension should be treated to a systolic blood pressure goal of,140 mmHg
43、.(B)Lower systolic targets,such as,130 mmHg,may be appropriate for certain individuals,such as younger patients,if it can be achieved without undue treatment burden.(C)Patients with diabetes should be treated to a diastolic blood pressure,80 mmHg.(B)糖尿病合并高血压:糖尿病合并高血压:140/80mmHg 140/80mmHg 年龄较轻患者:年龄较
44、轻患者:130/80mmHg 130/80mmHgRASI被推荐作为糖尿病患者首选的降压药物,源于其在延缓肾脏进展和改善代谢方面具有独特的优势各国高血压指南:RASI在保护肾脏和改善代谢方面具有独特的优势20132013年年ESH/ESCESH/ESC高高血压指南血压指南糖尿病患者需将RASI作为基础降压药,因其在减少或延缓肾病进展方面具有独特的优势q尿白蛋白在尿白蛋白在30-299mg/30-299mg/天或天或300mg/300mg/天建议天建议ACEI/ARBACEI/ARB (A A级)级)q使用使用ACEI/ARBACEI/ARB或利尿剂同时需监测或利尿剂同时需监测eGFReGFR和
45、血肌和血肌酐,需复查尿蛋白以了解病情变化酐,需复查尿蛋白以了解病情变化 (E E级级)Diabetes Care January 2013 36:S11-S61;20132013年年AHA/ADAAHA/ADA指南指南q 对糖尿病不伴肾病的患者对糖尿病不伴肾病的患者ACEI能够延缓新发微量白蛋白尿的产生并且能够降低糖尿病肾病患者的全因死亡q 糖尿病伴不同程度蛋白尿糖尿病伴不同程度蛋白尿不论有无高血压,首选ACEI/ARB延缓肾病进展q 2 2型糖尿病伴高血压伴型糖尿病伴高血压伴MAUMAUACEI/ARB均可延缓进展至大量蛋白尿n需监测eGFR和血肌酐Diabetes Care January
46、 2013 36:S11-S61;20132013年年AHA/ADAAHA/ADA指南指南31ARBARB与与AECIAECI是否需要联用?是否需要联用?ACEI+ARBN Engl J Med 2013;369:1892-1903November 14,2013联合血管紧张素治疗糖尿病肾病无更多获益 结论:联合血管紧张素治疗糖尿病肾病不良风险事件增加结果:处于安全考虑,此项研究提前终止了,评价观察时间为2.2年.N Engl J Med 2013;369:1892-1903November 14,2013ACEI+ARB联合血管紧张素治疗糖尿病肾病控制血脂:目前认为当目前认为当DKDDKD患
47、者血患者血LDLLDL大于大于3.38mmol/l3.38mmol/l,TGTG大于大于2.26mmol/l2.26mmol/l,就应开始,就应开始进行降脂治疗。进行降脂治疗。高脂血症的目标为:总胆固醇小于高脂血症的目标为:总胆固醇小于4.5mmol/l4.5mmol/l,LDLLDL小于小于2.5mmol/l2.5mmol/l,TGTG小于小于1.5mmol/l1.5mmol/l,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇小于,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇小于1.1mmol/l1.1mmol/l;还应配合饮食治疗少食动物油脂,;还应配合饮食治疗少食动物油脂,多食富含多聚不饱和脂肪酸的食物多食富含多聚不饱和脂肪酸的食物透析和移
48、植:透析和移植:DKDDKD患者应适当放宽透析指针,当患者应适当放宽透析指针,当CCrCCr小于小于15-20ml/min15-20ml/min或伴有明显胃肠道症状、高血压或伴有明显胃肠道症状、高血压和不易控制的心力衰竭等,可开始肾脏替代和不易控制的心力衰竭等,可开始肾脏替代治疗。有条件者可做肝肾联合移植。治疗。有条件者可做肝肾联合移植。1 1、晚期、晚期糖基化终产物糖基化终产物(advanced(advanced glycationglycation endproductsendproducts,AGEs)AGEs)抑制剂抑制剂(氨基胍、维生素氨基胍、维生素B B及衍生物及衍生物)2 2、葡
49、萄、葡萄糖胺聚糖糖胺聚糖(舒洛地特舒洛地特)3 3、抗、抗纤维化药物纤维化药物(吡非尼酮、多西环素、吡非尼酮、多西环素、阿利吉仑阿利吉仑)4 4、抗、抗氧化炎症调节剂氧化炎症调节剂(bardoxolonebardoxolone methylmethyl、普、普罗布考罗布考、己酮可可碱、己酮可可碱)5 5、维生素、维生素D D及及衍生物衍生物6 6、噻唑、噻唑烷二酮类烷二酮类(thiozolidinedionesthiozolidinediones,TZDs)TZDs)药物药物7 7、RhoRho激酶抑制剂激酶抑制剂(法舒地尔法舒地尔)8 8、内皮、内皮素受体拮抗剂素受体拮抗剂(avosentanavosentan)9 9、蛋白激酶、蛋白激酶C C抑制剂抑制剂