1、1.Nguyen HB,Rivers EP,Abrahamian FM,et al.Severe sepsis and septic shock:review of the literature and emergency department management guidelines.Ann Emerg Med 2006;48(1):28-54.2.Martin GS,Mannino DM,Eaton S,et al.The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000.N Engl J Med 200
2、3;348(16):1546-1554.1991年年8月美国胸科医师协会(月美国胸科医师协会(ACCP)与美国危重病医学会()与美国危重病医学会(SCCM)在芝加哥召开)在芝加哥召开联席会议,共同商讨并制定联席会议,共同商讨并制定SIRS、sepsis、septic shock及及MODS等相关术语的概念及等相关术语的概念及标准标准2001年年SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference(PIRO)2002年年10月在西班牙巴塞罗那月在西班牙巴塞罗那ESICM第第15届国际会议上由届国际会议上由SCCM、
3、ESICM和和ISF共同共同发起拯救发起拯救sepsis的全球创议的全球创议拯救拯救sepsis运动(运动(surviving sepsis campaign,SSC)2004年年3月月Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock在在Critical care medicine及及Intensive care medicine上共同发表上共同发表Surviving Sepsis Campaign:International guidelines for manageme
4、nt of severe sepsis and septic shock:2008Sepsis definitions rivisited:the 2011 draft version from the Merinoff Symposium and ISF2012世界脓毒症宣言世界脓毒症宣言Surviving Sepsis Campaign:International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock:2012.(1991,ACCP/SCCM)(2001,SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS)(20
5、02,SCCM/ESICM/ISF)(SSC,2004、2008、2012)Dellinger RP,Levy MM,Rhodes A,et al.Crit Care Med 2013;41(2):580637)Dellinger RP,Levy MM,Rhodes A,et al.Crit Care Med 2013;41(2):580637)休克休克 有效循环血有效循环血量减少量减少 失血失液失血失液 烧伤烧伤创伤创伤 过敏过敏 脊髓麻醉脊髓麻醉 损伤损伤 感染感染 微循环障碍微循环障碍 心衰心衰 微循环淤血微循环淤血肾血流量肾血流量心输出量心输出量回心血量回心血量BP脑缺血脑缺血神志淡漠
6、神志淡漠肾淤血肾淤血发绀、花斑发绀、花斑皮肤淤血皮肤淤血少尿、无尿少尿、无尿暖休克(高排低阻型)革兰阳性球菌、部分革兰阴性杆菌感染引起细菌产生的外毒素直接作用于周围循环,使血管张力降低,外周血管阻力下降冷休克(低排高阻型)革兰阴性杆菌感染引起继发于急性胆管炎、弥漫性腹膜炎、纹窄性肠梗阻等疾病卢光宇等.感染性休克的临床类型和特点.实用外科杂志 1988;8(7):339-340.Labelle A,et al.Crit Care Med 2012;40(7):2016-2021.院内死亡率独立性预测因子的逻辑回归分析院内死亡率独立性预测因子的逻辑回归分析Labelle A,Juang P,Rei
7、chley R,et al.The determinants of hospital mortality among patients with septic shock receiving appropriate initial antibiotic treatment*.Crit Care Med 2012;40(7):2016-2021.一项回顾性队列研究纳入436例2002年至2007年血培养阳性感染性休克患者,旨在明确经过初始抗菌治疗的感染性休克患者发生院内死亡的决定因素 脓毒症休克以组织灌注不足为特征,血压持续过低,血乳酸4mmol/L,低血压出现后尽快转入ICU病房接受治疗 复苏
8、的最初6小时目标 a)中心静脉压(CVP):8-12 mmHg b)平均动脉压(MAP)65mmHg c)尿量0.5ml/kg/h d)中心静脉(上腔静脉)血氧饱和度 70%或混合动静脉血氧饱和度 65%(1C)e)CVP已经达到目标,但是ScvO2仍旧不能达70%或者SvO2 仍不能达到65%,那么输注浓缩红细胞悬液Hct30%和/或输注多巴酚丁胺(最大量为20g/kg.min)以达此目标(2C)l1.推荐用天然/人工胶体或晶体液进行液体复苏。目前没有证据支持某种液体优于其他液体(1B)p实验表明使用白蛋白是安全的,并与晶体液等效p使用胶体液可明显降低死亡率(P=0.09)p晶体和胶体复苏效
9、果没有差异p要达到同样的治疗目标,晶体液量明显多于胶体液量p晶体液更便宜l推荐液体复苏的初始治疗目标是使CVP至少达到8mmHg(机械通气患者需达到12 mmHg),之后通常还需要进一步的液体治疗(1C)l推荐采用液体冲击疗法,持续补液直到血流动力学(例如动脉压、心率、尿量)得到改善(1D)。l对疑有血容量不足的患者进行液体冲击时,在开始30分钟内至少要用1000ml晶体液或300-500 ml胶体液。对脓毒症导致器官灌注不足的患者,须给予更快速度更大剂量的液体治疗(1D)l在只有心脏充盈压(CVP或肺动脉楔压)增加而没有血流动力学改善时,应降低补液速度(1D)。l推荐将MAP保持在65 mm
10、Hg(1C)l 在低血容量没有得到纠正时,就应使用血管加压类药物以保证低血压时的血流灌注。使用去甲肾上腺素时应逐渐加量直到MAP达到65 mmHg,才能维持组织灌注。另外,在制定MAP治疗目标时应考虑到患者以前存在的并发症。l推荐将去甲肾上腺素或多巴胺作为纠正脓毒性休克低血压时首选的血管加压药物(在建立中心静脉通路后应尽快给药)(1C)。l不建议将肾上腺素、去氧肾上腺素或抗利尿激素作为脓毒性休克的首选血管加压药物(2C)。0.03 U/min的抗利尿激素联合去甲肾上腺素与单独使用去甲肾上腺素等同。l如果去甲肾上腺素或多巴胺效果不明显,建议将肾上腺素作为首选药物(2B)。Dellinger RP
11、,Levy MM,Rhodes A,et al.Crit Care Med 2013;41(2):580637)Dellinger RP,Levy MM,Rhodes A,et al.Crit Care Med 2013;41(2):580637)Dellinger RP,Levy MM,Rhodes A,et al.Crit Care Med 2013;41(2):580637)Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011;52(3):285292Dellinger RP,Levy MM,Rhodes A,et al.Surviving sepsis campaign:
12、international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock:2012.Crit Care Med 2013;41(2):580-637.n 2012 SSC指南1A级别推荐意见:nAgainst the routine use of the pulmonary artery catheter for patients with sepsis-induced ARDS(grade 1A)nLow-dose dopamine should not be used for renal protection(gra
13、de 1A)nthe evidence strongly supports the value of VTE prophylaxis(grade 1A)nUFH is not renally cleared and is safe(grade 1A)nIf creatinine clearance is30 mL/min,use dalteparin(grade 1A)or UFH(grade 1A)nprotocols for weaning and sedation(1A)nlow tidal volume for acute respiratory distress syndrome(A
14、RDS)(1A)nblood glucose management commencing insulin dosing when two consecutive blood glucose levels are180 mg/dL,targeting an upper blood glucose 180 mg/dL(1A)nClostridium difficile colitis should be treated with enteral antibiotics if tolerated.Oral vancomycin is preferred for severe disease(grad
15、e 1A)2008 SSC指南1A级别推荐意见:avoiding routine use of pulmonary artery catheters in ALI/ARDS(1A)Do not use low-dose dopamine for renal protection(1A)prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis(1A)Use either low-dose UFH or LMWH,unless contraindicated(1A)Use a weaning protocol and an SBT regularly to evaluate the
16、 potential for discontinuing mechanical ventilation(1A)use of stress ulcer prophylaxis to prevent upper gastrointestinal bleeding using H2 blockers(1A)Hydrocortisone dose should be 300 mg/day(1A)Adult patients with severe sepsis and low risk of death(typically,APACHE II 20 or one organ failure)shoul
17、d not receive rhAPC(1A)Use a mechanical prophylactic device,such as compression stockings or an intermittent compression device,when heparin is contraindicated(1A)nStress ulcer prophylaxis using H2 blocker.who have bleedingn risk factors(grade 1B)n.hydrocortisone alone at a dose of 200 mg per day(gr
18、ade 2C)n A history of the evolution of SSC recommendations as to rhAPCn (no longer available)is providedn.receive mechanical prophylactic treatment,suchas graduated n compression stockings or intermittent compression devices(grade 2C),unless contraindicatedna low tidal volume for acute lung injury(ALI)/acute respiratoryn distress syndrome(ARDS)(1B)nAim to keep blood glucose 150 mg/dL(8.3 mmol/L)using a n validated protocol for insulin dose adjustment(2C)n.Clostridium difficile,or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcusn faecium(无推荐级别)