1、解剖解剖脊髓科内讲座脊髓v脊髓脊髓spinal cord起源于胚胎时期神经管的尾部,与脑相比是分化较低、功能较低级的部分,仍保留着明显的节段性。脊髓与31对脊神经相连,后者分布到躯干和四肢。脊髓与脑的各部之间有着广泛的联系,来自躯干、四肢的各种刺激通过脊髓传导到脑才能产生感觉,脑也要通过脊髓来完成复杂的功能。在正常生理状况下,脊髓的许多活动是在脑的调控下完成的,但脊髓本身也能完成许多反射活动。脊髓位于椎管内,上端平枕骨大孔处与延髓相连,下端在成人平第1腰椎体下缘(新生儿可达第3腰椎下缘平面,女性平第2腰椎),全长约4245cm,最宽处横径为11.2cm。约占脊柱长度的2/3。脊髓的位置脊髓的外
2、形v脊髓呈前、后稍扁的圆柱形,全长粗细不等,有两个梭形的膨大,即颈膨大颈膨大cervical enlargement和腰骶膨大腰骶膨大lumbosacral enlargement。前者自第4颈节至第1胸节,后者自第2腰节至第3骶节。这两个膨大的形成是因为内部的神经元数量相对较多,与四肢的出现有关。腰骶膨大腰骶膨大颈膨大颈膨大终丝终丝脊髓的沟裂v脊髓表面可见6条纵行浅沟,前面正中较明显的沟称前正中裂前正中裂,后面正中较浅的沟为后正中沟后正中沟,由此沟向脊髓内部深入一薄层神经胶质性的后正中隔后正中隔,深达中央管。这两条纵沟将脊髓分为左右对称的两半。此外还有两对外侧沟,即前外侧沟前外侧沟和后后外侧
3、沟外侧沟,分别有脊神经前、后根的根丝附着。此外,在颈髓和胸髓上部,后正中沟和后外侧沟之间,还有一条较浅的后后中间沟中间沟,是薄束和楔束之间的分界标志。前正中裂前正中裂后正中沟后正中沟后中间沟后中间沟前外前外侧沟侧沟后外侧沟后外侧沟终丝终丝 自第3骶节以下,脊髓末端变细,称为脊髓圆锥脊髓圆锥。自此处向下延为细长的无神经组织的终丝终丝。长约20cm,向上与软脊膜相连,向下在第2骶椎水平以下由硬脊膜包裹,止于尾骨的背面。脊髓末端结构终丝终丝终丝终丝马尾马尾脊髓圆锥脊髓圆锥后正中沟后正中沟脊神经v 脊神经 spinal nerves 共31对,每对脊神经连于一个脊髓节段,每对脊神经借前根 anteri
4、or root 连于脊髓前外侧沟;借后根 posterior root 连于脊髓后外侧沟。前、后根均有许多根丝构成,一般前根属运动性的,后根属感觉性的,两者在椎间孔处合成一条脊神经。经相应椎间孔穿出椎管。因此,脊神经既含感觉神经纤维,又含运动神经纤维,为混合性的。脊神经后根在椎间孔附近有椭圆形的膨大,称脊神经节 spinal ganglion,其中内含假单极的感觉神经元,其中枢突构成了脊神经后根,其周围突随脊神经分布至感受器。脊神经v 脊髓在外形上没有明显的节段性,但每一对脊神经及其前、后根的根丝附着范围的脊髓即构成一个脊髓节段,因为有31对脊神经,故脊髓也可分为31个节段:即8个颈节(C)、
5、12个胸、节(T)、5个腰节(L)、5个骶节(S)和1个尾节(Co)后根后根前根前根脊髓节段脊髓节段脊神经节脊神经节Anterior surface:Laterally,paired joints between articulating facesAnterior surface:基础医学院人体解剖教研室Cervical vertebraeAtlas寰椎(C1)lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板Spinous processes:projects horizontallySpinous processes:Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 L.蛛网膜下隙:脊髓蛛网
6、膜与软脊膜之间的腔隙,内有网状相连的结缔组织小梁,充满脑脊液,向上与脑蛛网膜下隙相通。Transverse processes:蛛网膜下隙:脊髓蛛网膜与软脊膜之间的腔隙,内有网状相连的结缔组织小梁,充满脑脊液,向上与脑蛛网膜下隙相通。硬膜外隙:硬脊膜与椎管内面骨膜之间的狭窄间隙,内含疏松结缔组织、脂肪、淋巴管、静脉丛,呈负压,有脊神经根通过,向上不通颅腔。Thoracic vertebrae这两条纵沟将脊髓分为左右对称的两半。Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T.Vertebrae Body:Cervical curvature颈曲 convex forwardLigamenta f
7、lava 黄韧带 elastic ligament,unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae,and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal;tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column肌梭肌梭骨骼肌骨骼肌运动终板运动终板脊神经节脊神经节后根后根前根前根腹腔神经节腹腔神经节交感干神经节交感干神经节脊神经节脊神经节后根后根前根前根脊神经脊神经脊神经纤维成份v脊神经中含有四种纤维成份:v 1.躯体感觉纤维 来自脊神经节中的假单极神经元,其中枢突构成脊神经后
8、根进入脊髓,周围突进入脊神经分布于皮肤、骨骼肌、肌腱和关节。将皮肤的浅感觉(痛、温觉等)和肌、腱、关节的深感觉(运动觉、位置觉等)冲动传入中枢。v 2.内脏感觉纤维 来自脊神经节的假单极神经元,其中枢突构成脊神经后根进入脊髓,其周围突分布于内脏、心血管和腺体,将这些结构的感觉冲动传入中枢。v 脊神经纤维成份v 3.躯体运动纤维 发自脊髓前角,分布于骨骼肌,支配其随意运动。v 4.内脏运动纤维 发自胸腰段脊髓侧角(交感神经低级中枢)或骶副交感核(副交感神经低级中枢),分布于内脏、心血管和腺体,支配心肌、平滑肌的运动,控制腺体的分泌脊神经v 由于自胚胎第4个月起,脊柱的生长速度比脊髓快,因此成人脊
9、髓和脊柱的长度不等,脊柱的长度与脊髓的节段并不完全对应。了解脊髓节段与椎骨的对应关系,对病变和麻醉的定位具有重要意义脊髓节段与椎骨的对应关系脊髓节段与椎骨的对应关系v 在成人,一般的推算方法为:上颈髓节(C1C4)大致与同序数椎骨相对应,下颈髓节(C5C8)和上胸髓节(T1T4)与同序数椎骨的上1节椎体平对,中胸段的脊髓节(T5T8)约与同序数椎骨上2节椎体平对,下胸段的脊髓节(T9T12)约与同序数椎骨上3节椎体平对,全部腰髓节约平对第1012胸椎,全部骶、尾髓节约平对第1腰椎。脊髓节段与椎骨的对应关系脊髓节段与椎骨的对应关系v31个脊髓节段个脊髓节段:C8、T12、L5、S5、Co1vC1
10、 C4()()与同序数椎骨相对与同序数椎骨相对vC5 T4(1)与同序数的上与同序数的上1节椎体相对节椎体相对vT5 T8 (2)与同序数的上与同序数的上2节椎体相对节椎体相对vT9 T12(3)与同序数的上与同序数的上3节椎体相对节椎体相对 vL1 -L5(T10 12)与第与第10 12胸椎相对胸椎相对vS1 Co (L1)与第一腰椎相对与第一腰椎相对v临床诊断时,常用于推测损伤的脊髓节段临床诊断时,常用于推测损伤的脊髓节段 因为脊髓比脊柱短,腰、骶、尾部的脊神经前后根要在椎管的硬膜囊内下行一段距离,才能到达各自相应的椎间孔,越向下越垂直,这些在脊髓末端平面以下下行的脊神经根,称马尾马尾c
11、auda equina。临床上常选择第3、4或第4、5腰椎棘突之间进针行脊髓蛛网膜下隙穿刺或麻醉术,以避免损伤脊髓。马尾马尾前、后根均有许多根丝构成,一般前根属运动性的,后根属感觉性的,两者在椎间孔处合成一条脊神经。Articular processes:coronal临床诊断时,常用于推测损伤的脊髓节段约占脊柱长度的2/3。Annulus fibrosus纤维环六、Movement of the vertebral columnThoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T.Vertebrae Body:small前者自第4颈节至第1胸节,后者自第2腰节至第3骶节。Vertebrae Bod
12、y:前、后根均有许多根丝构成,一般前根属运动性的,后根属感觉性的,两者在椎间孔处合成一条脊神经。C5 T4(1)与同序数的上1节椎体相对蛛网膜下隙:脊髓蛛网膜与软脊膜之间的腔隙,内有网状相连的结缔组织小梁,充满脑脊液,向上与脑蛛网膜下隙相通。Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T.process(7):smaller,rounderSacral vertebrae 骶椎 S.脑脊液功能:对中枢神经系统起缓冲、保护、运输代谢产物和维持正常颅内压作用。Transverse processes:Articular processes:sagittal 脊 柱Vertebral column基
13、础医学院人体解剖教研室基础医学院人体解剖教研室 The vertebral column脊柱脊柱 consists of 24 vertebrae,the sacrum,and the coccyx.一、一、Vertebrae 椎骨椎骨vThere are 33 vertebrae in children,arranged as follows:vCervical vertebrae 颈椎颈椎 C.7vThoracic vertebrae 胸椎胸椎 T.12vLumbar vertebrae 腰椎腰椎 L.5vSacral vertebrae 骶椎骶椎 S.5 sacrum 骶骨骶骨vCocc
14、ygeal vertebrae 尾椎尾椎 Co.34 coccyx尾骨尾骨General features of vertebraevVertebral body 椎体椎体vVertebral arch 椎弓椎弓pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根椎弓根:sup.and inf.Vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹椎上、下切迹 lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板椎弓板vprocess(7):spinous process 棘突棘突transverse process 横突横突sup.and inf.articular processes 上、
15、下关节突上、下关节突vVertebral foramen 椎孔椎孔 vVertebral canal 椎管椎管vIntervertebral foramen 椎间孔椎间孔Regional variations of vertebraeCervical vertebraevVertebrae Body:small vVertebral foramen:larger and triangularvSpinous processes:short and bifid in C3 to C5,long in C6,and longer in C7vTransverse processes:short a
16、nd bifid,transverse foramen横突孔横突孔vArticular processes:horizontal Atypical vertebeaevAtlas寰椎寰椎(C1)Body and spinous process absent,consists of anterior and posterior arches,and two lateral massesGroove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟椎动脉沟vAxis枢椎枢椎(C2):distinguished by dens齿突齿突 which articulates with dental f
17、ovea of anterior arch of atlasMedian joint between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlasThoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T.Transverse processes:The vertebral column脊柱 consists of 24 vertebrae,the sacrum,and the coccyx.Strong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs run
18、ning from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1S2Spinous processes:脊髓前、后动脉脊髓表面吻合支动脉冠发支至脊髓内部由于自胚胎第4个月起,脊柱的生长速度比脊髓快,因此成人脊髓和脊柱的长度不等,脊柱的长度与脊髓的节段并不完全对应。Groove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟Ligamenta flava 黄韧带 elastic ligament,unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae,and complete the posterior wall of ver
19、tebral canal;tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral columnBody and spinous process absent,consists of anterior and posterior arches,and two lateral massesSpinous processes:34 coccyx尾骨因为脊髓比脊柱短,腰、骶、尾部的脊神经前后根要在椎管的硬膜囊内下行一段距离,才能到达各自相应的椎间孔,越向下越垂直,这些在脊髓末端平面以下下行的脊神经根,称马尾cauda equina。Anterior surface:
20、Sacral vertebrae 骶椎 S.spinous process 棘突Vertebral foramen:T9 T12(3)与同序数的上3节椎体相对circumductionvCarotid tubercle:颈动脉结节颈动脉结节:anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6vVertebra prominens 隆椎隆椎(C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process,it is visible with neck flexed,used as clinical landmark in c
21、ounting cervical and thoracic spinous processesThoracic vertebrae vVertebrae Body:heart-shape,superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹上、下肋凹vVertebral foramen:smaller,rounder vSpinous processes:long,point obliquely downward vTransverse processes:transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹横突肋凹 vArticular processes:c
22、oronal Lumbar vertebrae vVertebrae Body:larger,kidney-shape vVertebral foramen:larger and triangular vSpinous processes:projects horizontally vTransverse processes:long vArticular processes:sagittal Sacrum vAnterior surface:promontory岬岬,anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔骶前孔(four pairs)vPosterior surface:m
23、edian sacral crest 骶正中嵴骶正中嵴,posterior sacral foramina(four pairs),sacral hiatus骶管裂孔骶管裂孔,sacral cornu 骶角骶角vLateral part:auricular surface耳状面耳状面,sacral tuberosity骶粗隆骶粗隆二、二、Articulations of Vertebrae 椎骨的连结椎骨的连结Joints of the vertebral bodiesJoints of the vertebral arches1.Joints of the vertebral bodies
24、椎体间的连椎体间的连结结Intervertebral discs 椎间盘椎间盘 between bodies of adjacent vertebrae,composed of:vNucleus pulpous髓核髓核,an inner soft,pulpy,highly elastic structure(gelatinous core)vAnnulus fibrosus纤维环纤维环 an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilageAnterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带前纵韧带vStrong band cov
25、ering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1S2 vMaintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral columnPosterior longitudinal Posterior longitudinal ligamentligament后纵韧
26、带后纵韧带vAttached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacrumvPrevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discsHernia of nucleus pulpous 髓核脱出髓核脱出 2.Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结椎弓间的连
27、结vLigamenta flava 黄韧带黄韧带 elastic ligament,unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae,and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal;tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral columnvInterspinal ligament 棘间韧带棘间韧带vSupraspinal ligament 棘上韧带棘上韧带vLigamentum nuchae项韧带项韧带 vIntertansverse ligament横突间横突间韧带韧带
28、 vZygapophysial joint 关节突关节关节突关节三、三、Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕关节vBetween superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condylesvSupported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlasvAction nodding of head,lateral tilting of head约占脊柱长度的2/3。31个脊髓节段:C8、T12、L5、S5、Co1Ligamenta f
29、lava 黄韧带 elastic ligament,unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae,and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal;tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral columnArticular processes:sagittalCervical curvature颈曲 convex forwardPosterior surface:auricular surface耳状面,sacral tuberosity骶粗隆Anterior surf
30、ace:Strong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1S2Articular processes:sagittalThe vertebral column脊柱 consists of 24 vertebrae,the sacrum,and the coccyx.脊髓节段与椎骨的对应关系Ligamenta flava 黄韧带 elastic liga
31、ment,unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae,and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal;tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral columnAnterior surface:六、Movement of the vertebral column硬脊膜:致密纤维结缔组织构成,厚而坚韧,上附枕骨大孔边缘,与硬脑膜相延续,下端在第2骶椎水平向下变细,包裹终丝,附于尾骨。Action allow atlas(and head)to pivot on the
32、axis and vertebral columnArticular processes:coronalArticular processes:sagittalLumbar curvature腰曲四、四、Atlantoaxial joint 寰枢关节vThree synovial joints between atlas and axisLaterally,paired joints between articulating facesMedian joint between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlasSupported by ligamen
33、ts apical ligament of dens 齿突尖韧带齿突尖韧带alar ligament 翼状韧带翼状韧带transverse ligament of atlas寰椎横韧带寰椎横韧带 tectorial membrane 覆覆膜膜Action allow atlas(and head)to pivot on the axis and vertebral column五、五、Normal Curves of vertebral columnvCervical curvature颈曲颈曲 convex forwardvThoracic curvature胸曲胸曲 convex back
34、ward vLumbar curvature腰曲腰曲 convex forwardvSacral curvature骶曲骶曲 convex backward六、六、Movement of the vertebral column flexion extension lateral flexion rotation circumductionSpina bifida cystica 脊脊 柱柱 裂裂大家好!脊髓科内讲座pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根:sup.这两个膨大的形成是因为内部的神经元数量相对较多,与四肢的出现有关。Atlas寰椎(C1)Articular pr
35、ocesses:sagittal自此处向下延为细长的无神经组织的终丝。脑脊液:充满脑室系统、蛛网膜下隙和脊髓中央管内的无色透明液体,内含多种无机离子、葡萄糖、微量蛋白、少量淋巴细胞,成人150ml左右。Action allow atlas(and head)to pivot on the axis and vertebral columnThoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T.因此,脊神经既含感觉神经纤维,又含运动神经纤维,为混合性的。Vertebral foramen:Vertebral arch 椎弓C1 C4()与同序数椎骨相对前、后根均有许多根丝构成,一般前根属运动性的,后根属
36、感觉性的,两者在椎间孔处合成一条脊神经。Articular processes:horizontal硬膜外隙:硬脊膜与椎管内面骨膜之间的狭窄间隙,内含疏松结缔组织、脂肪、淋巴管、静脉丛,呈负压,有脊神经根通过,向上不通颅腔。Vertebrae Body:smalltectorial membrane 覆膜Action nodding of head,lateral tilting of headAnterior surface:rotation脊髓节段与椎骨的对应关系脊髓节段与椎骨的对应关系v 在成人,一般的推算方法为:上颈髓节(C1C4)大致与同序数椎骨相对应,下颈髓节(C5C8)和上胸髓节
37、(T1T4)与同序数椎骨的上1节椎体平对,中胸段的脊髓节(T5T8)约与同序数椎骨上2节椎体平对,下胸段的脊髓节(T9T12)约与同序数椎骨上3节椎体平对,全部腰髓节约平对第1012胸椎,全部骶、尾髓节约平对第1腰椎。Lumbar vertebrae vVertebrae Body:larger,kidney-shape vVertebral foramen:larger and triangular vSpinous processes:projects horizontally vTransverse processes:long vArticular processes:sagittal
38、 五、五、Normal Curves of vertebral columnvCervical curvature颈曲颈曲 convex forwardvThoracic curvature胸曲胸曲 convex backward vLumbar curvature腰曲腰曲 convex forwardvSacral curvature骶曲骶曲 convex backwardArticular processes:sagittal脑脊液:充满脑室系统、蛛网膜下隙和脊髓中央管内的无色透明液体,内含多种无机离子、葡萄糖、微量蛋白、少量淋巴细胞,成人150ml左右。蛛网膜下隙:脊髓蛛网膜与软脊膜之间
39、的腔隙,内有网状相连的结缔组织小梁,充满脑脊液,向上与脑蛛网膜下隙相通。Articular processes:sagittalVertebral foramen:Articular processes:sagittal脊髓spinal cord起源于胚胎时期神经管的尾部,与脑相比是分化较低、功能较低级的部分,仍保留着明显的节段性。Three synovial joints between atlas and axisapical ligament of dens 齿突尖韧带tectorial membrane 覆膜T9 T12(3)与同序数的上3节椎体相对自第3骶节以下,脊髓末端变细,称为脊
40、髓圆锥。Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔Annulus fibrosus纤维环因为脊髓比脊柱短,腰、骶、尾部的脊神经前后根要在椎管的硬膜囊内下行一段距离,才能到达各自相应的椎间孔,越向下越垂直,这些在脊髓末端平面以下下行的脊神经根,称马尾cauda equina。Thoracic vertebraeGeneral features of vertebrae硬膜下隙:硬脊膜与脊髓蛛网膜之间。Body and spinous process absent,consists of anterior and posterior arches,and two lateral massestectorial membrane 覆膜大家好!