1、Part II Oral Presentation Skills Chapter VIII Chapter VIIILogical Development,Logical Development,Signposts andSignposts andTransitionsTransitionsTask Objectives Task Objectives You will learn to show an attracting rather than detracting presentation by getting to knowhow to establish logical connec
2、tions within how to establish logical connections within a sentence,between sentences and a sentence,between sentences and paragraphs of your presentationparagraphs of your presentationthe functions of signposts and transitions the functions of signposts and transitions the useful transitional expre
3、ssionsthe useful transitional expressionswhat typs of signposts can be incorporated what typs of signposts can be incorporated into the presentationinto the presentationTask PreparationTask PreparationCompare the following two presentations which are very similar,and figure out the difference betwee
4、n them.And answer the following questions:What is the difference between these two presentations?Which one presents the ideas clearer?Why?What are the signposts or transitional expressions used in the sample presentation?A A Incorporation offers several advantages to businesses and their owners.Owne
5、rship is easy to transfer.The business is able to maintain a continuous existence even when the original owners are no longer involved.The stockholders of a corporation are not held responsible for the businesss debts.If the XYZ Corporation defaults on a$1 million loan,its investors will not be held
6、 responsible for paying that liability.Incorporation enables a business to obtain professional managers with centralized authority and responsibility;the business can be run more efficiently.Incorporation gives a business certain legal rights.It can enter into contracts,own property,and borrow money
7、.B B Incorporation offers several advantages to businesses and their owners.For one thing,ownership is easy to transfer.The business is able to maintain a continuous existence even when the original owners are no longer involved.In addition,the stockholders of a corporation are not held responsible
8、for the businesss debts.If the XYZ Corporation defaults on a$1 million loan,for instance,its investors will not be held responsible for paying that liability.Incorporation also enables a business to obtain professional managers with centralized authority and responsibility;therefore,the business can
9、 be run more efficiently.Finally,incorporation gives a business certain legal rights.For example,it can enter into contracts,own property,and borrow money.Task PreparationTask PreparationCompare the following two presentations which are very similar,and figure out the difference between them.And ans
10、wer the following questions:Sample B is more readable although there are a lot of facts in it.Sample B presents its ideas clearer,because it includes many signposts and transitional expressions to make the structure more logical.for one thing;in addition;for instance;also;therefore;finally;for examp
11、le.Skill FocusSkill FocusI.I.How to establish logial connections How to establish logial connections within a sentence,between sentences and within a sentence,between sentences and paragraphs of your presenation.paragraphs of your presenation.A piece of writing often consists of two factors:the sequ
12、ence in which different parts of an argument are provided to the audience,and the relationship to link these parts together.Transitions and signposts cannot be used to replace a good organization but they do help in making the presentation smooth to follow by keeping a consistent flow from one sente
13、nce to the next or from one paragraph to another.Examples of transitional words within a Examples of transitional words within a sentence:sentence:Examples of transitional words between Examples of transitional words between sentences:sentences:Examples of transitional words between Examples of tran
14、sitional words between paragraphs:paragraphs:When writing paragraphs,try to link up one paragraph with another.This can take two forms:ending a paragraph with a sentence that leads forward to the next paragraph or starting teh new paragraph in a way that links back to the previous paragraph:However,
15、for me,beauty does not reside in music alnoe.(And my next paragraph will develop this idea and explain what else exemplifies beauty for me.)However,despite the prevalence of these attitudes,change is on the way.(And in my next paragraph I will outline about these change.)It brings back some striking
16、 memories.(And in my next paragraph,I will describe some of these memories.)Examples of signposts:Examples of signposts:Signposts help to link what has already been said with what is about to Signposts help to link what has already been said with what is about to be discussed in a presentation.We ca
17、n use expressions like these:be discussed in a presentation.We can use expressions like these:This programme.;Despite these difficulties.;These suggestion.;However,in the modern world.;In the next section,.In each case we are making reference to a point already mentioned,or we In each case we are ma
18、king reference to a point already mentioned,or we are indicating that we are about to consider something new.For example,are indicating that we are about to consider something new.For example,our signposts can look backwards at a point already raised:our signposts can look backwards at a point alrea
19、dy raised:This suggestion.;These ideas.;This brief outline suggests.;Such proposals.;Similarly,our signposts can look forwards towards issues that will be Similarly,our signposts can look forwards towards issues that will be rasied in the next section or in the near future:rasied in the next section
20、 or in the near future:In this section,I will.;My next chapter will consider why.;A recent study suggest.;One important recent finding indicates that.Some signposts look in both directions at the same time:Some signposts look in both directions at the same time:Despite these reports,other writers ha
21、ve proposed.;In spite of these findings,teachers believe.;This view has been rejected by some authors who claim that.;In contrast,a recent article.Skill FocusSkill FocusII.II.What are the functions of transitions?What are the functions of transitions?Compare the following disjointed sentence with th
22、e revised sentence and think about the functions of transitions:Disjointed Sentence:Revised with Transition:In the first sentence,the two ideas are abruptly linked without a transition present to connect the two together.In the revised version,the sentences are linked by a transition to connect the
23、two ideas for smoother flow,giving the reader a better understanding of what the writer wanted them to know.Some clues which show that a writer needs to use transitions:The written work is choppy,abrupt and jumpy.The writer has moved from one point to the next abruptly and quickly without a visible
24、connection between the two ideas.The readers have trouble following the writers train of thought or organization of ideas.Transitions show the relationships between the ideas and are the glue that holds your presentation together.The following table below provides an overview of commonly-used transi
25、tional words and their functions:Skill FocusSkill Focus III.III.What types of signposts can be incorporated into What types of signposts can be incorporated into the presentation?the presentation?You can think of signposts like the signs you might see on a road:they are words or phrases that tell yo
26、u where youve been,where you are,and where youre going.There are several types of signposts that are particularly useful for listening audiences:Numerical SignpostsNumerical SignpostsParallel StructureParallel Structure You can use parallel structure to mark transitions between main sections.Use exa
27、ctly the same phrase to mark each transition,and then emphasize it with a brief pause to let your audience catch on.Old-to-New TransitionsOld-to-New Transitions An old-to-new transition is a sentence that pauses to explain to your audience where youve been and where youre headed in your presentation
28、.They are particularly useful for reminding your listeners of how successive pieces of your presentation fit together.Again,repetition of key terms is essential.Check Your UnderstandingCheck Your UnderstandingI.Please decide whether the following statements I.Please decide whether the following stat
29、ements are true or false based on the“Skill Focus”you are true or false based on the“Skill Focus”you have read.have read.1.A piece of writing often consists of two factors:the sequence in which different parts of an argument are provided to the audience,and the relationship the speaker has used to l
30、ink these parts together.2.Transitions and signposts can be used to replace a good organization.3.“Signposts”help to link what has already been said with what is about to be discussed in a presentation.4.Transitions show the relationships between the ideas and are the glue that holds your presentati
31、on together.5.Numbering seems overly blunt in writing,so in oral presentations it is not helpful for signposting major points or pieces of evidence.6.You can use parallel structure to mark transitions between main sections.Use completely different phrases to mark each transition,and then emphasize i
32、t with a brief pause to let your audience catch on.TTFFFTCheck Your UnderstandingCheck Your UnderstandingII.Match the simple expressions on the left II.Match the simple expressions on the left column with the corresponding functions on the column with the corresponding functions on the right column.
33、right column.1First,next,for one thing,for another thing ASignals the concluding point2For example,for instance,that isBSignals another similar example or idea to follow3In addition,also,moreover,furthermoreCSignals an example coming up4In conclusion,all in all,truly,yesDSignals an example coming up
34、1-D;2-C;3-B;4-A;Check Your UnderstandingCheck Your UnderstandingIII.Answer the following questions briefly III.Answer the following questions briefly according to your understanding of the“Skill according to your understanding of the“Skill Focus”.Focus”.1.How to establish logical connections within
35、a sentence,between sentences and paragraphs of your presentation?A:Transitions and signposts cannot be used to replace a good organization but they do help in making the presentation smooth to follow by keeping a consistent flow from one sentence to the next or from one paragraph to another.2.What a
36、re the functions of signposts and transitions?A:The function of a transition is the same in each case:it summarizes the content of the preceding paragraph or section and it helps the reader anticipate whats to come in the next paragraph.They play a very important part in helping the readers see the
37、logical sequence of the idea.Transitions show the relationships between the ideas and are the glue that holds your presentation together.3.What types of signposts can be incorporated into the presentation?A:There are several types of signposts that are particularly useful for listening audiences:num
38、erical signposts;parallel structure;old-to-new transitions.Tips and NotesTips and Notes假如你在一条陌生的道路上驾车，路标的指引是非常必要的。在作报告的时候也是一样的，你的听众也需要一些指示才能跟上你的思路，也就是说你要让听众们知道你将要说什么以及你想要表达什么。这就像口头标点，向听众表明你已经完成一个观点，接着要继续另一个观点。在文字表达中，这样做也许显得文章有些拖沓，但在口头报告中却十分重要。有经验的报告者在从报告的一部分过渡到另一部分的时候会明显地停顿，改变姿势或声调来引导听众跟上其思路。Task Re
39、alizationTask RealizationI.look at these passages and underline any I.look at these passages and underline any signposts.Do they look forwards,backwards or signposts.Do they look forwards,backwards or in both directions?in both directions?Passage A:Despite this difficulty,many theories havebeen prop
40、osed to explain these results,butthe evidence has proved to be elusive.However,this does not mean that the theories can be discounted.The following chapter will explore the evidence in more detail.this looks backwardsthis looks backwardsthis looks forwardthis looks forwardthis looks backwardsthis lo
41、oks backwardsthis looks backwardsthis looks backwardsTask RealizationTask RealizationI.look at these passages and underline any I.look at these passages and underline any signposts.Do they look forwards,backwards or signposts.Do they look forwards,backwards or in both directions?in both directions?P
42、assage B:In the last chapter,we examined the link between foreign direct investment and social development.In this chapter,I would like to explore the differences between this form of investment and local investment.The first section will consider the factors that encourage and discourage local inve
43、stment.These factors will then be analysed in the light of recent developments in China.this looks backwardsthis looks backwardsthis looks forwardthis looks forwardthis looks forwardthis looks forwardthis looks forwardthis looks forwardTask RealizationTask RealizationI.look at these passages and und
44、erline any I.look at these passages and underline any signposts.Do they look forwards,backwards or in signposts.Do they look forwards,backwards or in both directions?both directions?Passage C:Are these theories supported by data?The evidence,unfortunately,is inconclusive.Despite exhaustive studies,n
45、o positive identification has ever been made.This has proved to be the most difficult problem of all.However,quite recently,a new method of collecting the data has been proposed.This method relies on sub-sectional analysis,which has not been adopted before.This form of analysis has some interesting
46、features.Firstly,.this looks backwardsthis looks backwardsthis looks forwardthis looks forwardthis looks backwardsthis looks backwardsthis looks backwardsthis looks backwardsTask RealizationTask RealizationIIII.1.Look at the following outline for a one-paragraph essay that tells why Oktoberfest is t
47、he speakers favorite holiday.Each major point in the outlinea reason why the speaker likes this holidayis indicated by a Roman numeral(I,II,III).Each major point is illustrated by 3specific examples/pieces of information,labeled A,B,and C.Task RealizationTask RealizationII.II.Task RealizationTask Re
48、alizationII.II.2.Now read the following paragraph based on the outline.Notice how the transition serve to emphasize the organization and relationships between the points and examples.Task RealizationTask RealizationII.II.Task RealizationTask RealizationII.II.Task RealizationTask RealizationII.II.3.R
49、efer to the paragraph above to fill in the blanks.1)One thing,Another thing,The best thing1)One thing,Another thing,The best thing2)For example,for instance,Also,in addition 2)For example,for instance,Also,in addition 3)Also,in addition 3)Also,in addition 4)All in all4)All in allTask RealizationTask
50、 RealizationIII.In the following article on Nuclear Hazards,the signaling words III.In the following article on Nuclear Hazards,the signaling words and phrases are missing.Replace them and check your answers.and phrases are missing.Replace them and check your answers.Task RealizationTask Realization
