1、 非谓语动词非谓语动词 在高中英语学习中，学生对非在高中英语学习中，学生对非谓语动词的有关知识总是掌握不透。谓语动词的有关知识总是掌握不透。实际上，只要让学生弄懂它的实际上，只要让学生弄懂它的概念、概念、内容及存在的异同关系内容及存在的异同关系，那么在实，那么在实际应用中一下子就会清楚了。际应用中一下子就会清楚了。非谓语动词的用法非谓语动词的用法主语 宾语表语定语状语补足语不定式动名词 X X分词 X X不定式不定式一一 不定式的用法不定式的用法1.主语 It is right to give up smoking.To see is to believe.2.宾语 I find it int
2、eresting to study English.He wanted to go.3.宾语补足语 He asked me to do the work with him.注意：在feel,hear,listen to,look at,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to.但是变成被动结构，必须带to.I heard him sing a song.He was heard to sing a song.I heard him singing a song.He was heard singing a song.4.定语T
3、he farmers thought of ways to protect their crops.注1：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需有介词Please give me a knife to cut with.There is nothing to worry about.He is looking for a room to live in.He is the first one to come here.但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way,不定式后面的介词习惯上可以省略。He had no mon
4、ey and no place to live(in).注2：当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式可用主被动两种语态，含义有所不同。Have you anything to send?动作执行者youHave you anything to be sent?动作执行者是我或别人5.状语I came here to see you.(目的)in order to,so as toWe were excited to hear the news.(原因)He hurried to the school to find nobody there.(结果）soas to,s
5、uchas to,enough to,only to,tootoHe lifted a rock only to drop in on his own feet.注1：某些形容词在tooto结构中表肯定，它们是anxious,delighted,eager,easy,glad,kind,pleased,ready,surprised,willing等。She was too surprised to see how angry herfather was.(看到父亲那么生气，她很吃惊)注2：在not,never,only,all,but等后的tooto 结构中too意为very，没有否定含义。
6、Its never too late to learn.Im only too glad to stay at home.6.表语My job is to help the patient.7.独立成分to tell the truth,to be frank,to be exact,to begin with,to make a long story short8.不定式与疑问词连用在句中起名词作用，可充当主语，表语，宾语等。How to solve the problem is very important.My question is when to start.He didnt kno
7、w what to say.注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或whynot开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的不定不带to.Why not have a rest?二二.不定式的时态不定式的时态1.不定式一般形式所表示的动作通常与谓语 动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后 发生。I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.I saw him go out.2.如果谓语表示的动作发生时，不定式表示 的动作正在进行，不定式用进行时。He is believed to be coming.Im glad to be working with you
8、.3.不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前，用完成 时。He is believed to have come.Im sorry to have kept you waiting.4.在intended,expected,hoped,promised,wanted,wished,thought等后用不定式完 成式表示过去没有实现的愿望，期待或 计划。I hoped to have finished the work earlier.三三.不带不带to的不定式的不定式1.在feel,hear,listen to,make,let,have,see,look at,watch,notice,observe
9、等动词后，不定式作宾补时不用to2.在would rather(would sooner,had rather,had sooner)than,rather than结构的than 之后I would sooner stay at home than go tosee a movie.He insisted on going back to work rather than stay in hospital.3.在以why引导的疑问句中Why worry about it?Why not do it right now?4.在cannot but,cannot choose but,canno
10、t help but之后 I cannot but admire his courage.5.不定式动词在介词but,except,besides后面 时，介词前有doI have no choice but to accept the fact.She could do nothing but cry.6.为了避免重复，不定式可省略toIm puzzled what to think or say.7.在let go(放手),make believe(假装),make do(凑合),等固定搭配中。四.It is brave of you to do that.It is easy for y
11、ou to do that.表示人物特征的形容词同of后的名词或代词有意义上的主表关系，常与of搭配。Brave,careful,careless,clever,considerate,cruel,foolish,good,honest,kind,nice,right,rude,stupid,silly,thoughtful,wise,wrong表示事物性质的形容词与不定式关系密切，有主表关系，常与for搭配。Easy,hard,heavy,necessary,impossible,possible,important,difficult动名词动名词1.主语Reading is very im
12、portant in learning a foreign language.2.表语Her favourite sport is diving.4.宾语 I enjoy swimming.3.定语drinking wateradmit,avoid,allow,advise,consider,enjoy,dislike,deny,detest,practise,finish,face,delay,escape,involve,risk,mind,mention,excuse,imagine,miss,suggest,understand 某些动词后只能用动名词作宾语某些动词后只能用动名词作宾语
13、介词宾语1.Im tired of working.2.Tell me something about fishing.3.The tool is used for opening cans.4.I like sunbathing after swimming.短语的宾语短语的宾语 feel like/cant help/cant stand/put off/give up/Its no use/Its no good/etc.带带to 短语的宾语短语的宾语 trust to/turn to/be used to/be sentenced to/see to/stick to/be reduc
14、ed to/give birth to/point to/object to/lead to/look forward to/get down to/give way to/be familiar to/be similar to/devote oneself to/be equal to1)区别区别 forget;regret;stop;mean;remember;try 后接动名词和不定式的区别后接动名词和不定式的区别2)区别区别 love;like;hate;prefer;intend接动名词接动名词和不定式无差别，有所指时多用不定式。和不定式无差别，有所指时多用不定式。3)need s
15、th.+require +doing want /to be done be worth doing be worth to do 注意：注意：forget regret remember stop1.I forgot to post the letter.2.I regret telling you the news.3.I regret to tell you a piece of bad news.4.When the teacher came in,they stopped talking.5.I felt tired,so I stopped to have a rest.6.I r
16、emember meeting him somewhere.一般式完成式主动被动teachinghaving taughtbeing taughthaving been taught1.He was praised for having got full marks.2.He remembered having sent me the book.3.He disliked being punished in public.4.He regretted having been taken to such a place.（完成体）（完成体）（被动态）（被动态的完成体）1.Marys being
17、late made the teacher angry.2.I suggest his going there.3.I suggest him going there.动名词的逻辑主语动名词的否定形式I regret not following his advice.1。改错1.The parents are looking forward to hear from their daughter.The parents are looking forward to hearing from their daughter.2.You can easily improve your English
18、 by practise listening and speaking.by practising listening and speaking3.New ways have been found to stop the river from polluting.stop the river from being polluted4.He enjoys listening to the news in the morning and to watch TV in the evening.He enjoys listening to the news in the morning and wat
19、ching TV in the evening.5.I didnt mind treating like that.I didnt mind being treated like that.6.Tom was scolded for having not finished his homework.Tom was scolded for not having finished his homework.We will look up this word in a dictionary.We will turn to a dictionary for help.We will refer to
20、a dictionary.分词分词 1.分词的句法作用分词的句法作用 Their success is exciting.Have you read the book written by the famous actor.Being ill,he hasnt come.They are watching the boys playing football.2.现在分词和过去分词作表语区别现在分词和过去分词作表语区别 现在分词：现在分词：“令人令人”；过去分词：过去分词：“感到感到”The result was _.After hearing the news,we felt very_.(d
21、isappoint)His _ look suggested that the movie is very _.(interest)ingingeded3.作定语的区别作定语的区别现在分词：表示主动、进行中的动作现在分词：表示主动、进行中的动作过去分词：表示被动、完成的动作过去分词：表示被动、完成的动作 falling leaves/fallen leaves boiling water/boiled water developing/developed country speaking/spoken English分词作定语时，常置于所修饰的词之后，分词作定语时，常置于所修饰的词之后，相当于
22、一个定语从句相当于一个定语从句1.Australia is the only country covering an entire continent.2.The man writing this English letter is my teacher.3.The letter written in English is from my teacher.4.Suddenly there appeared a young woman dressed in white.4.分词作状语分词作状语 Being a clever boy,his father sent him to college.H
23、aving done my homework,there was nothing else to do.分词作状语的主要用法分词作状语的主要用法(1)表示时间代替表示时间代替when,while,after before,等引导的时间状语从句等引导的时间状语从句:Arriving at the station(=When I arrived),I found the train gone.Hearing the news(=When he heard),he couldnt help jumping up.Walking along the street(=While I was walkin
24、g ),I met old Mike.(当强调时间时，可在分词前加当强调时间时，可在分词前加when，while等连词，如：等连词，如：)Be careful when(you are)crossing the street.When(he was)asked to stop talking,he became angry.Turning to the right(=if you turn to),youll find the theatre.We wont go there unless(we are)invited.These trees will grow better if(they
25、are)well looked after.(4)表示让步表示让步代替though,although,even if引导的让步 状语从句：Although having spent(Although he has spent)much time on his study,he doesnt see his success.Although tired,they continued to work.(5)表示方式或伴随状况表示方式或伴随状况，They walked into the classroom,talking and laughing.The teacher stood there su
26、rrounded by the students.5.分词作补足语分词作补足语 能跟补足语的动词多为表示感觉的动词,如see,hear,feel,watch,noticeobserve等。此外有些使役动词也能跟补足语：have,make,get,keep,set,leave等 He suddenly heard someone knocking at the door.Sorry to have kept you waiting.You should keep them informed of what is going on there.Please speak slowly to make
27、 yourself easily understood.(easy to understand)6.某些分词固定词组某些分词固定词组generally speaking/considering/judging by(from)Judging by his accent,he must be from Guangdong.Generally speaking,the conference is quite successful.7.特殊情况特殊情况He died in the war,making his wife a widow with two children.8.独立主格结构独立主格结构
28、 在用分词作状语时，它逻辑上的主语在用分词作状语时，它逻辑上的主语 要和句子的主语一致。但有时也可以要和句子的主语一致。但有时也可以 有自己独立的逻辑主语，由代词或名有自己独立的逻辑主语，由代词或名 词的主格担任，称为独立主格结构。词的主格担任，称为独立主格结构。1）代词或名词主格）代词或名词主格+分词分词Weather permitting,well go by boat.The boy turned to the man,his eyes opened wide.2）with+宾语宾语+分词分词In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet
29、 pointing at any other person.He stood for a moment with his eyes fixed on the apple.非谓语动词的四项内容 1.不定式即不定式即“to+动词原形动词原形”形形式，具有名词、形容词、副词和式，具有名词、形容词、副词和动词的特点，可作主语、宾语、动词的特点，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等。表语、定语、状语、补足语等。例如：To learn a foreign language at least is necessary for the youth of the 21st century.（主语）（主语）
30、He decided to refuse the invitation.（宾语）（宾语）Jenny is to blame.（表语（表语）The students go to school to get knowledge.（状语）Do you have anything to take?（定语）The teacher asks the boy not to smoke.（补语）2.动名词即 V-ing 形式，它具有名词的特点，同时具备形容词和动词的特点，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如：Seeing is believing.（主语、表语）This bike needs repairing
31、.（宾语）a swimming poor（定语）3.现在分词即 V-ing 形式，具有形容词、副词特点，可作定语、补语、状语等。The girl singing in the classroom is our monitor.（定语）（定语）I saw a thief stealing something.（补语）（补语）Her parents died,leaving a lot of money.（状语）（状语）4.过去分词即“动词+ed”形式，具有形容词、副词特点，可作定语、表语、补语等。A boy called Tom comes from America.（定语）The glass
32、is broken.（表语）When I got to the office,I found the work done.（补语）非谓语动词的三种关系 1.动名词和不定式的关系动名词和不定式的关系 相同点：都可作主语和宾语。不同点：（1）动名词表示经常性、不具体的动作；而不定式则往往表示某一次具体行为。I like listening to music,but I dont like to listen to this kind of music.She likes going out for a walk after supper.To come here today makes me ve
33、ry happy.（2）在动词 forget,remember,regret 等词之后，动名词表示动作已做，而不定式则表示动作还未做。I regret telling him the had news.（已做）（已做）Dont forget to post my letter.（未做）（未做）I remember returning your book.（已做）（已做）2.动名词和现在分词的关系 相同点：都是 V-ing 形式。不同点：动名词表示用途，现在分词则表示动作。a sleeping car（动名词）（动名词）a sleeping child（现在分词）（现在分词）a waiting room（动名词）（动名词）a working man（现在分词）（现在分词）3.现在分词和过去分词的关系相同点：都是分词，强调动作及状态。不同点：现在分词表示主动、进行，而过去分词则表示被动。The woman standing by the school gate is my roommates mother.（主动、进行）The problem settled yesterday is about environment.（被动、完成）
