1、一一.定义定义 定义：让步状语从句是状语从句中的一种，其本定义：让步状语从句是状语从句中的一种，其本身也是状语从句。一般翻译为身也是状语从句。一般翻译为“尽管尽管”或或“即使即使”，就是我们日常生活中用的，就是我们日常生活中用的“退一退一步说步说”的感觉。的感觉。二二.关联词关联词 引导让步状语从句的连词主要有：引导让步状语从句的连词主要有：though和和although（虽然，纵然），（虽然，纵然），while,as（虽然（虽然.但但是是.）;even if和和even though（即使（即使纵使纵使）;whether.or.(无论是否或不管是无论是否或不管是还是还是);no matte
2、r+疑问词（不管疑问词（不管都都），疑问词），疑问词-ever，regardless of+名词名词/名词短语名词短语/名词从句，名词从句，despite和和in spite of(尽管尽管).三三.位置位置让步状语从句可以前置，也可以后置；让步状语从句可以前置，也可以后置；前置时强调主句内容，后置时强调从句前置时强调主句内容，后置时强调从句内容。有时也可以采取中位（插入句内容。有时也可以采取中位（插入句中）。中）。although和和though同义，在一般情况同义，在一般情况下，可以互换使用。只是下，可以互换使用。只是though较普遍，较普遍，常用于非正式的口语或书面语中，而常用于非正式
3、的口语或书面语中，而although则较为正式。另外则较为正式。另外although语气语气比比though重，常用以强调让步概念。重，常用以强调让步概念。Though Although it was raining，we went there.虽然下着雨，但我们还是去虽然下着雨，但我们还是去了那儿。了那儿。Though Although it was barely four oclock,the lights were already on.尽管才尽管才四点钟，灯已经亮了。四点钟，灯已经亮了。Though Although we are poor,we are still happy.我们虽
4、然穷，仍然很快活我们虽然穷，仍然很快活Though/Although my car is very old,I dont want to buy a new one.虽然我的汽车很旧，但我不想买一辆新的。虽然我的汽车很旧，但我不想买一辆新的。He insisted on doing it although I warned him not to.虽然我警告他不要做，但他仍然坚持要做。虽然我警告他不要做，但他仍然坚持要做。even能和能和though组合表示强调，但组合表示强调，但even不能和不能和although组合。因此，不能组合。因此，不能说说 e v e n a l t h o u g
5、 h,在 这 里在 这 里 e v e n though=even if(no matter if;though即即使使也也)e.g.Even if/Even though we could afford it,we wouldnt go abroad for our vocation.即使我们付得起这笔钱，也不出国度假。即使我们付得起这笔钱，也不出国度假。当让步状语从句指某种假设情况时，当让步状语从句指某种假设情况时，通常用通常用though,而不用而不用although。e.g.Though all the world were against me,I should still hold
6、 to my opinion.就算全世界都反对我，我还是坚持我的就算全世界都反对我，我还是坚持我的立场。立场。Though everybody deserts you,I will not.即使所有人都抛弃你，我也不会的。即使所有人都抛弃你，我也不会的。though可以独立用作副词，常放可以独立用作副词，常放在句末，意为在句末，意为all the same(还是；还是；仍然仍然)或或however(可是；然而可是；然而)，而，而although无此用法。无此用法。e.g.She didnt tell me what she had done,but I know it though.她没有告诉
7、我她所做的事情，但我她没有告诉我她所做的事情，但我还是知道了。还是知道了。Its hard work.I enjoy it,though.工作很苦，可是我喜欢。工作很苦，可是我喜欢。though引导让步状语从句时可以倒引导让步状语从句时可以倒装，而装，而although从句则不能。从句则不能。e.g.Bravely though they fought,they had no chance of winning.虽然他们打得很勇敢，但还是没有机虽然他们打得很勇敢，但还是没有机会获胜。会获胜。Poor though I am,I can afford it.我虽我虽穷，但这东西还是买得起的。穷，
8、但这东西还是买得起的。Child though he was,he did quite well.他虽是孩子，但干得很好。他虽是孩子，但干得很好。相同点：相同点：在在although和和though引导的让步引导的让步状语从句中，主句里不可用状语从句中，主句里不可用but,若若要强调前后两部分的对比意义，可要强调前后两部分的对比意义，可在主句前加在主句前加yet或或still。e.g.Although/Though he has a lot of money,yet/still he is unhappy.他虽然有很多钱，但并不幸福。他虽然有很多钱，但并不幸福。although和和though
9、引导让步状语引导让步状语从句时，常采用省略形式。从句时，常采用省略形式。e.g.Although tired(=Although he was tired),he kept on working.虽然很疲劳，但他继续工作。虽然很疲劳，但他继续工作。The problem,though complicated(=though it is complicated),can be solved without much difficulty.even if 与与 even though同义，常用于强调让步概念同义，常用于强调让步概念 Ill do it,even if it takes me all
10、 the afternoon.Even if you fail,you can try again.注：注：if 有时也可以用于让步含义，但要注意条件有时也可以用于让步含义，但要注意条件if 与让步与让步if 的区别，试比较：的区别，试比较：If he is poor,how can he buy the house?(条件条件)If he is poor,he is at least honest.(让步让步)(=even if)在正式文体或文学作品中，为了强调让步的含义，可在正式文体或文学作品中，为了强调让步的含义，可用用as引导让步从句。但引导让步从句。但as一般不置于句首，而将从句中的
11、一般不置于句首，而将从句中的表语或状语置于句首。（表语或状语置于句首。（though,that与与as一样，也可以一样，也可以用于这种结构），如下面几种情况：用于这种结构），如下面几种情况：表语的倒装：表语的倒装：Old as I am,I can still fight.Tall as/though he was,he couldnt reach the top shelf.Difficult though the task was,they managed to accomplish it in time.谓语动词的倒装：谓语动词的倒装：Try as he would,he could n
12、ot remember a word of it.(=No matter how he would try)Try as he might,he didnt pass the exam.Try as you may,you will never succeed.状语的倒装：（这时不可在状语之前加状语的倒装：（这时不可在状语之前加very,much等修饰语）等修饰语）Much as I admire him as a writer,I do not like him as a man.Hard as I studied,I could not catch up with them.如果是单数名词
13、或形容词最高级作表语，不再如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，不再用冠词，如：用冠词，如：Child as/that he was,he knew what was the right thing to do.Youngest as he is in our class,he speaks English the best.as从句可以置于主句前、主句后或句中，当从句可以置于主句前、主句后或句中，当as从句置于句首时，主句前可加从句置于句首时，主句前可加yet，如：如：Mary,brave as she is,is afraid of snakes.Rich as he is,(yet)I d
14、ont envy him.注意比较下列各句：注意比较下列各句：While I admit his good points,I can see his shortcomings.(让步让步)While I understand what you say,I cant agree with you.(让步让步)While I was reading,the light went out.(时间时间)He is idle,while his brother is diligent.(转折、对比转折、对比)while(=although),它引导的让步状语从句只能前它引导的让步状语从句只能前置，位于句
15、首，如：置，位于句首，如：While I admit that the problems are difficult,I dont agree that they cannot be solved.这种从句也称这种从句也称“选择条件选择条件-让步状语从句让步状语从句”，可位于主句之前或之后，如：可位于主句之前或之后，如：Whether he drives or(whether he)flies,he will be here on time.Whether you like it or not,youll have to do it.We hold that all countries,(wh
16、ether they are)big or small,(whether they are)rich or poor,should be equal.Whether it rains or snows,I will go tonight.She had to go,whether or not she wanted it.Whoever(=no matter who)is unwilling to go,I will go.(whoever 既相当于连接词短语既相当于连接词短语no matter 连接主连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问代词句与从句，又相当于疑问代词who)Whomever(=no
17、matter whom)you are dealing with,this method is no good.Whatever(=no matter what)happens,keep calm.Whatever others may say,you are certainly right.Whichever(=no matter which)you choose,we have no objection.Whatever(=no matter what)difficulties may arise,we must and can overcome them one by one.(what
18、ever 既相当于既相当于no matter 连接主句与从句，又连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问形容词相当于疑问形容词what 修饰名词修饰名词difficulties。)Whichever(=no matter which)room is assigned to him,he will have no objection.Whichever method you use,the result is much the same.However(=no matter how)difficult the task may be,we will fulfil it on time.(however 既相
19、当于既相当于 no matter 连接主句与从句，连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问副词又相当于疑问副词 how 修饰修饰 difficult。)Wherever(=no matter where)they went,they were warmly welcomed.Whenever Im unhappy,he cheers me up.The dog follows me wherever I go.注意注意（1）“no matter+疑问词疑问词”或或“疑问词疑问词-ever”的含义为的含义为“都都；不管；不管都都”它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。例它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。例如：如：N
20、o matter what happened,he would not mind.(=Whatever happened,he would not mind.)无论发生了什么，他都不会介意的。无论发生了什么，他都不会介意的。No matter who you are,you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are,you must keep the law.不管你是谁，你都要遵纪守法。不管你是谁，你都要遵纪守法。(2)但但“no matter+疑问词疑问词”结构只能引导让步状结构只能引导让步状语从句，而语从句，而“疑问词疑问词-ever”还可以引导还可以引导名词
21、性从名词性从句。句。例如：例如：Whatever(=No matter what)you say,I wont believe you.(Whatever 引导让步状语从句引导让步状语从句)无论你说什么，我无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。都不会相信你。Ill eat whatever(no matter what)you give me.(whatever引导宾语从句引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么，我就吃你给我吃什么，我就吃什么。什么。Whoever comes will be welcome.(Whoever 引导主语从句引导主语从句)不管谁来都受到欢迎。不管谁来都受到欢迎。However dif
22、ficult the task(may be),it will be fulfilled on time.However great the difficulties(may be),we will never retreat.Whatever the difficulties(may be),they must and can be overcome.11由由whenever,wherever 引导的从句，同时也分引导的从句，同时也分别是时间状语从句和地点状语从句，这里作为让别是时间状语从句和地点状语从句，这里作为让步状语从句来看待，是强调它们带有步状语从句来看待，是强调它们带有no mat
23、ter when,no matter where 的含义。在口语中用的含义。在口语中用no matter+wh-结构比较常见。例如：结构比较常见。例如：No matter when and how the invaders come,they will be wiped out clean.It is true,no matter what you may say.(可置于主可置于主句之后句之后)原因状语从句的引导词：原因状语从句的引导词：1.Because because 表示直接原因，语气最强，表示直接原因，语气最强，because所引导的原因状语从句通常位所引导的原因状语从句通常位于主句
24、之后，于主句之后，because所引导的句子还所引导的句子还常用于回答常用于回答why引导的特殊疑问句。引导的特殊疑问句。e.g:I do it because I like it.2.since/now that。通常译为。通常译为“既既然然”，表示已知的，表示已知的显然的理由，语显然的理由，语气比气比 because 弱，较为正式；弱，较为正式；now that，更突出事实本身。，更突出事实本身。Since 和和now that 所引导的原因状语从句一所引导的原因状语从句一般位于主句之前。般位于主句之前。e.g:既然你比较空闲，那就帮我既然你比较空闲，那就帮我补习数学吧。补习数学吧。Sin
25、ce you are free,come and help me with my mathematics.既然你是个男子汉，就不要做既然你是个男子汉，就不要做这样的事了。这样的事了。Now that you are a man,you must not do such a thing.3.As 引导附带说明的引导附带说明的“双方已知的原双方已知的原因因”，语气比，语气比since弱，较为正式，位弱，较为正式，位置较为灵活（常放于主句之前）。置较为灵活（常放于主句之前）。天还在下雨，你还是乘出租车好了。天还在下雨，你还是乘出租车好了。As it is raining,youd better ta
26、ke a taxi.4.forFor 所引导的原因状语从句并非用于说所引导的原因状语从句并非用于说明主句行为发生的直接原因，而是为了明主句行为发生的直接原因，而是为了提供一些辅助性的补充说明，只能放于提供一些辅助性的补充说明，只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开。开。e.g:他不可能见到我，因为当时我并不他不可能见到我，因为当时我并不在那里。在那里。He could not have seen me,for I was not there.注意：注意：在强调句型中，强调原因状语从在强调句型中，强调原因状语从句时，只可用句时，只可用It is/was b
27、ecause that而不可用而不可用since 或或 as引导原因状语从句。引导原因状语从句。由于她妈妈病了，她没和我们一起去。由于她妈妈病了，她没和我们一起去。It was because her mother was ill that she didnt go with us.还有一些介词短语也可以表示原因。这类还有一些介词短语也可以表示原因。这类介词短语有：介词短语有：thanks to,as a result of,because of,due to,owing to 等。等。e.g:多亏了你的帮忙，我才通过了测验。多亏了你的帮忙，我才通过了测验。由于战争，许多人丧失了生命。由于战争
28、，许多人丧失了生命。As a result of the war,many peoples lives were lost.Thanks to your help,I passed the test.由于需求的增加，一些商品提价了。由于需求的增加，一些商品提价了。Some articles have risen in price due to the increasing demand.那班列车因天气恶劣而误点。那班列车因天气恶劣而误点。The train was late owing to the bad weather.seeing that,considering that,in tha
29、t 等也等也可以引导原因状语从句。可以引导原因状语从句。既然他没有经验，他就不合适这项工作。既然他没有经验，他就不合适这项工作。Seeing(that)he is inexperienced,he is not fit for the work.考虑到这个时间交通很拥挤，我们只好考虑到这个时间交通很拥挤，我们只好再呆一会儿。再呆一会儿。Considering(that)the traffic is heavy this time of day,we will have to wait a little longer.我喜欢这座城市，但我更喜欢乡我喜欢这座城市，但我更喜欢乡村，因为那里有更清新的
30、空气。村，因为那里有更清新的空气。I like the city,but I prefer the country in that there is fresher air.注意注意:1.before 引导的从句常用句型；引导的从句常用句型；It is long before（过了（过了 好久才好久才）It is not long before(过了不久就过了不久就)2.till/until(till 一般不放在句首一般不放在句首)持续性动词（肯定式）持续性动词（肯定式）+until(直到直到为止为止)瞬间性动词（否定式）瞬间性动词（否定式）+until(直到直到才才)强调句型；强调句型；It
31、 is not untilthat I waited until/till he had finished his work.3.since 译为译为 自从自从来来since+瞬间性动词过去式，从该动作发生时瞬间性动词过去式，从该动作发生时4.原因状语从句的连原因状语从句的连 because/as/since because 引导原因状语从句，说明直接原引导原因状语从句，说明直接原因。有时也用于推测性理由表示必然的因因。有时也用于推测性理由表示必然的因果关系。回答果关系。回答why 只能用只能用because,在在because 前可加前可加 only，just等表示强调意等表示强调意义的义的
32、 词或否定词词或否定词not.在构成强调句型时，在构成强调句型时，只能用只能用 because从句从句 不能用不能用since或或 as 从从句。句。如：如：2000年来没有任何人怀疑过他的观年来没有任何人怀疑过他的观点，仅仅因为他是亚里士多德点，仅仅因为他是亚里士多德-伟大的伟大的思想家。思想家。No one questioned his idea for almost 2000 years only because he wasAristotle,the great thinker.注意：注意：for 可连接并列句，表示原因可连接并列句，表示原因for 是并列连词。是并列连词。for只能后
33、置，往往只能后置，往往是对前面句子加以说明或补充说明某是对前面句子加以说明或补充说明某些事实。些事实。1.A man cannot smile like a child,_ a child smiles with his eyes,while a man smiles with his lips alone.A.so B.but C.and D.for2.Why dont you do it now?_ Im too busy.A.As B.Because C.For D.Since3._everybody knows about it,I dont want to talk any more
34、.B.For B.Even C.Since D.HoweverDBC4.Wang Ling was elected all _ he is the tallest.because B.because of C.for D.as 5.Im green at everything.Dont worry._ you get older,you will get more experience.A.When B.Till C.As D.WhileACUse proper words to fill in the blanks1.He didnt attend the meeting _ he had to much work to do.2._ he cant answer the question,youd better ask some one else.3._ I havent seen the film,I cant tell you what I think of it.4.The ground is wet,_ it rained last night.becauseSinceAs for
