1、非谓语动词非谓语动词1.定义：在句子中不是谓语动词叫做非谓语动词。不可以独立作谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分。2.它有三种形式不定式(to do)分词（现在分词doing、过去分词done），动名词(doing)非谓语动词He likes to sing.The men walking in front were carrying books.动词不定式动词不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某种情况下to也可省略。不定式一般有时态和语态的变化，通常有以下几种形式（以do为例）to do 一般式to be done 被动式to have done 完成式to have been done
2、 完成被动式to be doing 进行式to have been doing 完成进行式动词不定式1.不定式的一般式，它所表达的动作通常与主语谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。They drew a mae to pass.动词不定式2.不定式的完成式，它所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。She seemed to have heard about this matter.I am sorry to have kee to have had you guys here.动词不定式3.不定式的进行式，它所表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。Its nice of you
3、 to be helping us these days.You pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully.动词不定式4.不定式的完成进行式，如果不定式表示的动作是表示谓语动作之前一直进行的动作，就需要用完成进行式。They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years.We are happy to have been helping each other these days.动词不定式5.动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。Try not to be
4、boring again next time.He wished never to meet her again.动词不定式6.疑问词+动词不定式 1).不定式和疑问词whether，what，which，whom，where，when，how，why等连用可以在句子中起名词的作用，通常作宾语、主语、表语等。Hearing the news,he didnt know whether to laugh or to cry.When to hold the meeting has not been decided.The most im is how to get so much money.2
5、).介词后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语 Mary gave some advice on how to learn English.I have no idea of how to do it.动词不定式的用法1.作主语 不定式短语在句首作主语。To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.We are hard to finish the work in ten minutes.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语是不定式。It is imaking eans failure to lose your
6、heart.动词不定式的用法2.作表语 不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。His wish is to become an astronaut.Our plan is to finish the work in two days.动词不定式的用法3.作宾语 不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语，也可以充当but和exceade it a rule to train at four.动词不定式的用法3.作宾语 2).作介词的宾语不定式可以作介词but和excements exce to work harder.He had no choice but to sit there as us
7、ual.There is nothing we can do but to wait patiently.动词不定式的用法4.作宾语补足语 不定式可以再“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。She requested him to go with her.动词不定式的用法5.作定语 I need somewhere to take a naan to choose.I need a letter to write.I need a e paper to write.动词不定式的用法6.作状语 1).表目的 To save the child,he broke his leg.S
8、he sold her hair to buy the watch chain.To save money,every means has been tried.To save money,he has tried every means.动词不定式的用法6.作状语 2).表结果 He got to the station to find the train had gone.I hurried to the e.注：有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to。动词不定式的用法动名词动名词既具有动词的
9、一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。doing 一般式being done 被动式having done 完成式动名词的用法1.作主语 Reading aloud is very helilk.2.作表语My job is studying.动名词的用法3.作宾语 They havent finished building the dam.enjoy finish suggest avoid excuse delay imagine keeiss consider admit deny mind it forbid of，be fond of，)，set about，be engaged in，s
10、pend(on)，succeed in，be used to，look forward to，pay attention to，insist on 动名词的用法4.作定语 He cant walk without a walking stick.Is there a swimming this afternoon.动名词的用法动名词的被动式being doneI still remember being taken to the e.注：在demand,deserve,need,require和want等动词后面，动名词的主动形式表示被动The flowers need watering.动名
11、词的用法动名词的完成式having doneHe denied having been there.I regretted not having studied harder at school.分词分词有两种，一种是现在分词，一种是过去分词，形式分别为doing和done。In the following years he worked even harder.Our class went on an organized trionday.分词的用法1.作定语 It is a seven-day festival celebrating the culture and history of
12、African American.Who is the man standing by the door?We also make choices based on how the ade.As a result,the service ised to them.分词的用法2.作表语(具有形容词的特征）The theory sounds quite convincing,but the situation is not encouraging.The matter/situation seems very atter with you?分词的用法3.作状语 1).时间 Seeing those
13、 embered her childhood.Seen from the hill,our town looks beautiful 2).原因 Not knowing his address,I cannot send this book to him.Excited by the new discovery,we decided to go out and celebrate.3).伴随 They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.4).条件 Heated,water changes into steam.
14、分词的用法4.作宾语补足语 We found the students reading outside.We found our hometown completely changed.现在分词和过去分词的区别1.语态上 an exciting story an excited oving film a moved reader a tiring journey a tired football player2.时态上 developing countries developed countries the changing world the changed world boiling wa
15、ter boiled water 形式对比项目动词不定式(to do)动名词(doing)现在分词(doing)过去分词(done)意义相当于名词、形容词、副词，往往有将来意味相当于名词，指经常性、习惯性的动作相当于形容词、副词，往往有现在意味相当于形容词、副词，本身兼有被动、完成意义充当句子成分主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语主语、宾语、表语、定语表语、宾补、定语、状语表语、宾补、定语、状语形式主动一般式 to do doingdoingdone被动式 to be done being donebeing done 主动完成式 to have done having donehaving
16、done 被动完成式to have been done having been donehaving been done 否定式在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加not 现在分词和动名词的区别动名词：顾名思义，保留动词的意思，但是词性已经变为动名词：顾名思义，保留动词的意思，但是词性已经变为名词。名词。在句子中充当：主语，宾语，表语，定语在句子中充当：主语，宾语，表语，定语 现在分词：倾向于形容词词性。也仅是保留动词意思，现在分词：倾向于形容词词性。也仅是保留动词意思，但不再是动词但不再是动词 在句子中充当：在句子中充当：宾补，状语宾补，状语,表语，定语，表语，定语，现在分词和动名词的区别34
17、3536判断现在分词？动名词？working ming ming boya sleeping cara sleeping child条件句英语条件从句有两类，一类是真实条件句，另一类是非真实条件句。真实条件句真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。If you are thirsty,drink some water.If he doesnt come at 8,we wont wait for him.Ill let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean.非真实条件句1.表示与现在事实相反的
18、条件 If it were Sunday,I would go and see my friends.If she/he attended the class,there would be 3.非真实条件句2.表示与过去事实相反的条件If I had known your teleber yesterday,I would have orning,I should have gone shors Tong had not married to her husband,she would not have gone through all this.错综条件句虚拟条件句中的主句和从句涉及的动作发生的时间不一致通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的,但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式.如：If I were you,I would have taken his advice.(从句指现在,主句指过去)If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning,I would not be wet now.(从句指过去,主句指现在).
