1、Design of Modern Wean-to-Finish Barns for Contractor Farms:Details&Project Management方便养殖户的现代化断奶-育肥一栏到底饲养设施的设计：详情和方案管理1IOWA 爱荷华州 Area 145,754 km2 面积 145,754km2 Population 3 million 人口300万 Avg Jan.Temp-7oC 一月份平均气温-7oC Avg July Temp 24oC 7月份平均气温24oC Avg Rain 81 cm/yr 年平均降雨量81cm得梅因（州府）爱荷华州美国Iowa 2013 r
2、eports爱荷华州-2013年报道 State Rankings(%of US)州排名（占美国总量%）#1 Pigs(31%)猪（31%）#1 Eggs(16%)鸡蛋（16%）#1 Corn for Grain(16%)玉米带（16%）#2 Soybeans(13%)大豆（13%）#4 Cattle&calves on feed(10%)家畜或幼畜存栏量（10%）#10 Sheep(3%)羊（3%）Goals 目的 Design a facility that provides:设计一种设施可以提供：Proper water adequate flow and access 合理的饮水适中的
3、流量及通道 Proper feed adequate access 合理的饲喂足够的通道 Proper space adequate for good growth 合理的空间可供健康成长 Proper air temperature,humidity,air speed and air quality 舒适的空气温度，湿度，风速和空气质量 Proper storage of manure 合理的粪便存放4Water 饮水5 Young Pigs(34 kg)仔猪（34 kg）Flow-250 to 500 ml/min 流速-250 到 500 毫升/分钟 Pressure-140 kPa
4、压力-34 kg)长大些的猪（34 kg）Flow-500 to 1000 ml/min 流速 500 至 1000毫升/分钟 Pressure 210 kPa 压力 210 千帕 10 pigs/nipple waterer 10头猪每个乳头饮水器 20 pigs/bowl waterer 20头猪每个饮水槽Nipple乳头饮水器Cup水槽Wet/dry feeder干/湿饲喂器Example Water Flow水线示例 Regulators 调节阀32 Waterers 32个饮水器30 Waterers30个饮水器Pipe-All 25mm schedule 40 PVC beyond
5、 regulator管道全部为25mm的40PVC置于调节阀远处30 Waterers30个饮水器32 Waterers 32个饮水器Feeders 饲喂器7Wet/dry feeder干/湿饲喂器Feeder Space 饲喂器规格 2 cm/pig for 8 weeks 4cm/头猪，大于8周龄Example:If the feeder is 150 cm long,then it would work for up to 37 large pigs示例：如果饲喂器的规格是150cm长，那么此饲喂器最多可供37头大于8周龄的猪采食35.6 cm wide Feeder Spaces 9
6、pigs per space(36 total)35.6 cm宽的饲喂器隔间9头猪每个隔间（一共36头）Slat saver板条节约装置1.22 m Long Feeder works for up to 31 pigs1.22 m长的饲喂器最多可容纳31头猪Tube Feeder with Slat Saver Mat带有板条节约垫的管道饲喂器Space 饲养密度Weight(kg)体重（体重（kgkg）Adequate Space(m2/pig)适中空间适中空间 （mm2 2/头头）ADG reduced 5%(m2/pig)日增重下降日增重下降5%5%（mm2 2/头）头）22.70.2
7、70.2345.40.430.3668.00.570.4890.70.680.58113.40.790.67136.00.890.7611National Swine Nutrition Guide国际猪营养指南Typical in US is about 0.70 to 0.74 m2/pig for pigs marketed at 130 kg对于130kg的上市猪，美国的饲养密度通常约为0.70到0.74m2/头Group Size 群体大小12Small Pen Example:小圈栏示例：2.4 m x 5.8 m 21 pigs/pen 21头/栏Large Pen Exampl
8、e:大圈栏示例：5.8 m x 6.1 m 51 pigs/pen 51头/栏Larger pens require less gating but research indicates pens of 35 or less have better average daily gain and fewer lesions due to fighting.大圈栏饲养可以减少门的使用，但是研究发现每栏35头或者更少的群体具有较高平均日增重和较少的因打斗造成的损伤Manure Storage粪污存放13Manure Production(including wash water)粪污产量（包括污水）
9、4.92 liters/space-day(1.5 standard deviation)4.92 公升/猪位/天（标准差1.5）Range for design=4.92 to 5.68 设计范围=4.92至5.68For 1 year 年产量1796 to 2073 liters/space-yr1796至2073 公升/猪位/每年If stocking density is 0.7 m2/pig如果饲养密度为0.7 m2/头Required depth for“deep pit”需要“深坑”的深度2.57 to 2.96 mTarget Temperature Ranges for We
10、an-Finish Pigs断奶-育肥猪的最适温度范围Chilled（偏冷）Too warm（过热）Comfortable（舒适）Temperature Fluctuations温度波动温度波动 For weaned pigs no more than 2.1 C fluctuation per hour.对于断奶仔猪每小时内温度波动不超过2.1 Ventilation Goals通风目标 Relative Humidity 60%相对湿度 60%Air Quality 空气质量 Ammonia 15 ppm 氨气 15 ppm Carbon Dioxide 3000 ppm 二氧化碳 300
11、0 ppm Carbon Monoxide 2 ppm 一氧化碳 2 ppm Hydrogen Sulfide 2 ppm 硫化氢 2 ppm Methane 1000 ppm 甲烷 1000 ppm17Ventilation Guidelines通风指南 For sizing the fan system:风机系统的规格：Minimum Ventilation for young pigs 仔猪需要的最小通风量 3.4 m3/hr pig(may be higher in warmer climates)3.4平方米/小时/头（较暖气候条件下也许更高）Summer Ventilation f
12、or large pigs 成猪的夏季通风量 203 m3/hr pig 203平方米/小时/头18Ventilation Strategies通风策略 Tunnel Ventilation 纵向通风 Uses fans all the time 风机时刻运转 Curtain-sided Barns with Fans for Winter 侧墙卷帘并具有冬季风机的猪舍 Uses fans in winter,natural ventilation in summer 冬季采用风机，夏季则采用自然通风 Full Natural Ventilation 完全自然通风 Uses chimneys
13、and curtains to ventilate using thermal buoyancy and wind 运用烟囱效应和卷帘通风，依靠热压和风压实现 Not very common in Iowa 在爱荷华州不太常见Tunnel Ventilation Facilities纵向通风设施Winter Uses small fans on the sides and inlets 冬季应用侧墙小风机和进风口通风Summer Uses end fans to create a wind of 5.5 km/hr from one end to the other夏季应用山墙风机，可产生5.
14、5千米/小时的气流，从一端到另一端Single Wide 单个宽度单个宽度12.5 m 15.5 mTriple Wide 三倍宽度三倍宽度46 mDouble Wide24.7 m 36.6 mTunnel Ventilation纵向通风Advantages:优点Works with multiple side-by-side rooms 可供多个并排的猪舍使用Does not require wind 不依赖风Does not need stir fans 不需要搅拌风机Disadvantages:缺点Equipment cost is higher 设备费用高Energy cost is
15、 higher 能耗高Tunnel Ventilated Curtained Opening纵向通风卷帘开启时Sizing Tunnel Ventilation:纵向通风的标准1)Producing desired airspeed 产生所需气流速度 Fan Capacity=cross-section area x airspeed 风机风量=横截面积 x 气流速度 =Ceiling height(m)x Room width(m)x Desired velocity(m/hr)=天花板高度（米）x 舍宽（米）x 所需气流速度（米/小时）Desired velocity:5500 meter
16、s/hr(m/hr)所需气流速度：5500 米/小时2)Producing desired air exchange(m3/hr-hd)产生所需空气交换率（立方米/小时/头）#pigs x 203 m3/hr-pig at least 猪数 x 203 立方米/小时/头 至少Use the higher fan capacity based on:运用高风量风机的依据：运用高风量风机的依据：15.2 m wide 15.215.2米宽米宽58 m long 5858米长米长2.44 m ceiling 2.442.44米高米高 Sizing Tunnel Ventilation:纵向通风的标准
17、Example 示例1200 Head WF building 1200 1200 头的断奶头的断奶-育肥猪舍育肥猪舍1)Producing desired airspeed 产生所需风速 Ceiling height x Room width x Desired vel 2.44 m x 15.2 m x 5500 m/hr=203,984 m3/hr（立方米/小时）2)Producing desired air exchange 产生所需气流交换率#1,200 hd x 203 m3/hr-hd=243,600 m3/hr（立方米立方米/小小时）时）Use the Higher Fan C
18、apacity:运用高风量的风机：运用高风量的风机：Sizing Tunnel Ventilation:纵向通风的标准Example 示例Winter Ventilation 冬季通风for Tunnel or Curtain Barns with Fans基于纵向通风猪舍或者带有卷帘-风机的猪舍26 Uses Variable Speed fans to provide the low level ventilation rates 通过风机速度的调控提供低水平的通风量 Uses ceiling inlets for distribution 通过顶部的进风口使气流扩散 Bring air
19、in through openings in the attic 让气流从开启的钟楼通过Air Inlets 进风口 Place for even air distribution 可以使气流均匀分布的地方 Size for capacity to meet maximum ventilation needs 其大小可满足最大通风量的需要 Include ability to adjust properly 具有适当调整的能力 Attic/building air intake?阁楼/整舍的空气摄入？Ensure there is enough!要确保足够的进风口！Powered Inlets
20、Weighted or Velocity InletsAs Always,Inlets Are Key一如既往，进风口是关键一如既往，进风口是关键Curtain Sided Barn with Fans for Winter带有侧墙卷帘和冬季风机的猪舍Use a flat ceiling with inlets for winter ventilation运用带有进风口的平面天花板为冬季通风Uses sidewall curtains for ventilation from wind as top ventilation stage 运用侧墙卷帘保温的通风方式是冬季通风的首选Works be
21、st on buildings that are 13.7 m wide用于宽度小于13.7米的猪舍效果最好Provide 76 m3/hr-pig with fans before opening curtain在卷帘开启前风机提供76立方米/小时-每头猪的通风量1200 Head Wean to Finish Swine Facility(15.5 m x 61 m room)1200 头断奶-育肥一栏到底饲养设施（15.5 米 x 61 米 的猪舍）Curtain Sided Barn with Winter Fans侧墙卷帘并带有冬季风机的猪舍Advantages:优点 Lower e
22、lectricity costs 电能耗低 Fewer fans to purchase 风机购买量少Disadvantages:缺点 Ineffective when no wind 无风条件下通风效果差 May require stir fans for cooling 可能会需要搅拌风机来降温 Requires more management 管理复杂 Winter冬季冬季Mild温暖天气温暖天气Hot炎热天气炎热天气Curtain Sided with Deep Pit and Pit Exhaust Fans侧墙卷帘，深粪坑，侧墙卷帘，深粪坑，粪坑排气粪坑排气Multi-Stage
23、Controller多级控制器Set Point设定值Temperature温度782 Variable-Speed Fans&2 Single-Speed Fans两台变速风机和两台普通风机Minimum最小值Airflow rate 通风量Bandwidth调控范围Stage 2阶段 234Offset滞后Bandwidth 1调控范围 1Stage 1 阶段 112Differential 3管辖范围 3Stage 3阶段 35Differential 4管辖范围 4Stage 4 阶段 4691011Example Fan Staging 1200 Tunnel Barn风机分段调控示
24、例1200头纵向通风猪舍36Stage阶段阶段Fans Added增加风机增加风机Controller控制器控制器Setting设置值设置值11 61 cmSetpoint*设定值28 CMin Speed#最小风速50%Bandwidth 调控范围1 C22 61 cmOn Temp 开启温度29.5 CMin Speed最小风速50%Bandwidth调控范围1 C31 91 cmOn Temp 开启温度31.0 C41 137 cmOn Temp 开启温度31.5 C51 137 cmOn Temp 开启温度32.0 C61 137 cmOn Temp 开启温度32.5 C71-137
25、cmOn Temp开启温度33.0 C*Initial setpoint,use a temperature curve to adjust as pigs grow.初始设定值，根据猪的生长阶段的温度曲线进行修正。#Initial minimum speed,use a speed curve to adjust as pigs grow.初始最小风速，根据猪的生长阶段的风速曲线进行修正。Ramps 曲线Day天天Temperature Ramp 温度曲线温度曲线Speed Ramp风速曲线风速曲线128 C50%727 C62%2823 C62%4221 C85%4919 C92%6019
26、 C100%37最小风速设定值日龄风速 设定值Brooder with Floor Mats具有加温垫的保育舍具有加温垫的保育舍Barn can be operated cooler 舍内温度可以控制的稍低些舍内温度可以控制的稍低些Mat captures heat加温垫可以供热加温垫可以供热Reduce drafts through slats减少通过漏缝地板倒灌上来的贼减少通过漏缝地板倒灌上来的贼风风Sized to accommodate piglets first 2 weeks其大小可满足猪仔两周的适应期其大小可满足猪仔两周的适应期 sq.ft.per pigs 0.05平方米/头猪
27、Direct Cooling 直接降温 Wetting the pig and then allowing moisture to evaporate off provides substantial cooling(1050 BTUs lost for every lb of water evaporated)使猪体表湿润，然后让水分蒸发，从而达到降温(每蒸发1磅水，能带走1050英热单位的热量)Good systems wet the pig&allow the water to evaporate 优良的系统可使猪湿润并使水蒸发 Increased air speed 提高风速提高风速
28、Lower humidity=increased evaporation so want intermittent wetting 降低湿度降低湿度=增加蒸发增加蒸发,间歇进行间歇进行 Sprinkling&dripping 喷淋降温和滴水降温 Once a pig gets to 22 kg,it starts feeling heat stress above 21 0C,and losses occur above 29 猪的体重一达到20千克，就会在温度21以上时感到热应激，气温高于29就会发生损失 If the pig is to survive in hot conditions,
29、it must lose heat through evaporation 如果猪要耐过热应激，它必须通过蒸发的方式来散发体热Locating Supplemental Cooling Fans额外降温风扇的按放(Plan View:Partially-Slatted Floors)（平面图：部分漏缝地板）Prevailing summer winds盛行的夏季风=cooling fanStandard pen size represented.代表标准圈栏大小Drawing not to precise scale 粗略标尺Throw 10 x fan diameterImpacted ar
30、eaImpacted areaImpacted areaImpacted area 影响区域Impacted area 影响区域Impacted area 影响区域Dr Rick Stowell,Extension Ag Engineer,University of Nebraska降温风机投掷距离 10 x 风机直径Tilting Fans for Cooling Effect倾斜式风扇降温的效果(View from Center Aisle toward Sidewall)（视角从中间走到面向侧墙方向）Spacing 25 x fan diameter(m)Fans Used for Di
31、stributing AirSpace to utilize throw Throw 10 x fan diameter(m)Tilt fans to expose pigs to moving air streamNo tilt results in air circulation without exposing pigs to moving air streamDr Rick Stowell,Extension Ag Engineer,University of Nebraska使用投掷距离的空间投掷距离 10 x 风机直径（米）空间 25 x 风机直径（米）风扇未倾斜的结果是产生空气环
32、流，并防止猪直接处于流动的气流中Project Management 项目管理 Management of daily and upcoming issues 管理日常及将要面临的问题 Resources 资源 Time 时间 Money 资金 Scope 范围44Project Management 项目管理 Resources 资源 People 人员 What skills do they need?需要具备那些技能？When will you need them?何时需要？How many will be needed?需要多少？Equipment 设备 What will be ne
33、eded?需要那些设备？Is it owned or will it need to be rented?已有或还需要租赁？Does it need a special operator?是否需要专业操作员？Materials 材料 What and how much?需要什么及多少？When do you need it?何时需要？Where will it be stored if it is on-site early?若提早到现场如何安置？How much lead time does the supplier need?需要提前多长时间预定？45Project Management
34、项目管理 Time 时间 What tasks?什么任务？How long does each take?需要多长时间？Which items are dependent on another?那些项目相互依赖？Money 资金 Costs?预算多少？When are funds needed?合适需要资金？Contingencies for cost over-run?超出预算的应急资金？46 Scope 范围 Project size 项目大小 Goals(when does it need to be completed?)目标（完成期限何时？）Requirements 要求 Permi
35、ts 许可证 Insurance 保险 Legal requirements 法律规定47Project Management 项目管理48Example Gantt Chart.These case be made in Excel or MS Project甘特图表示例。此表可以通过Excel 或者MS进行制作阴影部分代表周末，非正常工作日。非工作日有计划的工作日这些任务近期可以完工。挖掘任务只有在这些绳线设定后开始任务二月/三月安排服务电路连接水线连接厕所订购围栏和指示牌场址动工选址并考察建筑场地清理并填平场地设定线行挖掘场地挖掘根基挖掘49A more complex Gantt chart.一张更为复杂的甘特图表Tasks and sub-tasks任务和子任务Duration 周期Start and End dates起止日期Who is responsible?由谁负责？50Questions?问题？
