1、LOGO Communication means sending,giving,or exchanging information,ideas,and etc.We send,give,and exchange information every single day whether we are aware of it or not.Sometimes we communicate non-verbally,whereas other times we communicate verbally.(the Websters Dictionary)Any act by which one per
2、son gives to or receives from another person information about that persons needs,desires,perceptions,knowledge,or affective states.Communication may be intentional or unintentional,may involve conventional or unconventional signals,may take linguistic or nonlinguistic forms,and may occur through sp
3、oken or other modes.交际是符号活动，它是一个动态多变的编译码过程，交际是符号活动，它是一个动态多变的编译码过程，当交际者把意义赋予言语或非言语符号是，就产生了当交际者把意义赋予言语或非言语符号是，就产生了交际。交际受制于文化、心理等多种因素。交际不一交际。交际受制于文化、心理等多种因素。交际不一定以主观意识为转移，可能是无意识的和无意向的活定以主观意识为转移，可能是无意识的和无意向的活动。动。（贾玉新，（贾玉新，1997：13）1.2.1 Communication is symbolic.lSymbols are the main means for human comm
4、unication.lVerbal and nonverbal symbols.DangerRightWrong1.2.2 Communication is dynamic.lCommunication is an ongoing activity.1.2.3 Communication is irreversiblel“Once the arrow has been shot it cannot be recalled”.(an Asian proverb)lThe words are spoken,and they cannot be unspoken.1.2.4 Communicatio
5、n is systemic.lCommunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum,but rather is part of a larger system.1.2.4 Communication is systemic.Setting Dress,language,topic selection,and the like are all adapted to context.The rules for each context are culturally based.1.2.4 Communication is systemic
6、.Time Time influences communication and the use of it is culture-bound.1.2.4 Communication is systemic.Number of people The number of people with whom affects the flow of communication.1.2.5 Communication is self-reflectivelJust as we use symbols to reflect on what goes on outside of us,we also use
7、them to reflect on ourselves.1.2.6 Communication is transactional.lA t r a n s a c t i o n a l v i e w h o l d s t h a t communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations.Person 1Person 2Message1.2.7 Communication involves making
8、 inferences.Because there is no direct mind-to-mind contact between people,you cannot access the thoughts and feelings of other human beings but can only infer what they are experiencing.The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.Encoding is the process of putting an idea
9、 into a symbol.The term message identifies the encoded thought.The term channel is used technically to refer to the m e a n s b y w h i c h t h e e n c o d e d m e s s a g e i s transmitted.Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process.T h e r e c e i v e r i s t h
10、e person who attends to the message.The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Receiver response refers to an
11、ything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.2.1 Culture and CommunicationCommunication is an element of culture,it has often been said that communication and culture are inseparable.2.2 A Review of Intercultural Communication Study2.2.1 Some TermslInterpersonal Communic
12、ationlIntracultural CommunicationlCross-cultural CommunicationlIntercultural CommunicationlInterregional CommunicationlInternational CommunicationlInterethnic CommunicationlInterracial Communication2.2 A Review of Intercultural Communication Study2.2.2 International Communication as a Field of Study
13、l2.2.2.1 Background of Its Emergencel2.2.2.2 Process of Its Developmentl2.2.2.3 Model of Intercultural Communication (Please refer to the details on page 8-11 of the course book)2.3 A modular framework of communicative competence for second and foreign language acquisition:grammatical competence soc
14、iolinguistic competence discourse competence strategic competence (Based on Canale&Swain,1980,Canale,1983;Swain,1984)Grammatical competence The mastery of vocabulary,word formation,sentence formation,pronunciation,spelling,linguistic semantics,etc.Sociolinguistic competence The mastery of how to pro
15、duce and understand utterances appropriately in different social situations depending on various contextual factors.Sociolinguistic competenceAppropriatenessWho say what to whom,and wherelOpen the window!lOpen the window,please!lWould you please open the window?lI wonder if you mind me opening the w
16、indow?Discourse competence The mastery of how to combine grammatical forms and meanings to achieve a unified spoken or written text in different genres.Strategic competence The mastery of verbal and non-verbal strategies that may be employed to cope with communication problems and breakdowns due to
17、limiting conditions in actual situations or to insufficient competence in one or more of the other areas of communicative competence.Case 1A Chinese mother,Mrs.Zhang,was seeing her son and her American daughter-in-law,Susan,off at the airport.They would fly back to New York.Now Susan was talking wit
18、h her mother-in-law.Since Mrs.Zhang doesnt know any English and Susan can speak little Chinese,Susans husband had to act as the interpreter for them.Susan:Mrs.Zhang,come to New York if you want.Husband:妈妈，您可一定要来纽约看看。Mother:不去了，给你们添麻烦。Husband:Oh,it depends on the physical condition.Susan:Yes,oh thank
19、s for your delicious food,I like them very much.Husband:谢谢妈妈给我们做了那么多的好吃的 Mother:自家人谢什么。苏珊，你以后可不要再 减肥了，身体健康才最重要哪！Husband:Its my pleasure.Susan,I hope you become even more beautiful.Susan:Thank you!The same to you.Husband:谢谢妈妈，我祝你身体健康。Mother:啊，谢谢，谢谢！3 Cultural Shock3 Cultural Shock3.1 Definition FTrou
20、blesome feelings such as depression,loneliness,confusion,inadequacy,hostility,frustration,and tension,caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture.3 Cultural Shock3.2 Symptoms of Culture Shockla.Physical symptoms lb.Psychological symptoms 3 Cultural Shock3.3 Causes of Culture Shocklunfa
21、miliarity with the new countrylinability to speak the language fluently or understand new idiomslnot knowing how to behave in an unfamiliar culturelthe individuals state of mental health,type of personality,previous experiences,socio-economic conditions,family and/or social support systems,and level
22、 of education3 Cultural Shock3.4 Five Stages of Culture Shocka.The first stage:exoticismlfeel euphoric and be pleased by all of the new things encountered.lthe honeymoon stage3 Cultural Shock3.4 Five Stages of Culture Shocklb.The second stage:frustration lfeelings of discontent,impatience,anger,sadn
23、ess and incompetence3 Cultural Shock3.4 Five Stages of Culture Shocklc.The third stage:adjustment lc h a r a c t e r i z e d b y g a i n i n g s o m e understanding of the new culture la new feeling of pleasure and sense of humor may be experiencedla feeling of direction3 Cultural Shock3.4 Five Stag
24、es of Culture Shockld.The fourth stage:acceptance lrealizing that the new culture has good and bad things to offerldouble integration or triple integration la more solid feeling of belonging3 Cultural Shock3.4 Five Stages of Culture Shockle.The fifth stage:reverse culture shock lthe re-entry shock l
25、occuring when a return to the country of origin is made3 Cultural Shock3.4 Five Stages of Culture Shock4 Cultural Stereotype4.1 Definition Stereotype was coined by Lippmann in his book Public Opinion in 1922.4 Cultural Stereotype4.1 DefinitionlWhen people have little information about a group of peo
26、ple they are likely to think of them in a very general way.If the other people with whom they interact also lack information about that group,they are likely to share an overly simplified view of that group.The result of this process of over generalizing based on limited or inaccurate information is
27、 called stereotyping.(Linell Davis,34)4 Cultural Stereotype4.1 DefinitionlC u l t u r a l s t e r e o t y p e r e f e r s t o t h e oversimplified pictures we form about other cultures in the bias of our own culture-bound worldview.(Wang Lifei,204)4 Cultural Stereotype4.1 Definition 1)自定型 2)他定型4 Cul
28、tural Stereotype4.1 Definition定势：思维角度偏见：情感角度歧视：行为视角4 Cultural Stereotype4.2 Causes of Cultural StereotypelFirst,people learn stereotypes from their parents,relatives and friends.4 Cultural Stereotype4.2 Causes of Cultural StereotypelSecond,stereotypes develop through limited personal contact.4 Cultu
29、ral Stereotype4.2 Causes of Cultural StereotypelThird,many stereotypes are provided by the mass media(Samoval et al.,2000:246).4 Cultural Stereotype4.3 Effects of Cultural Stereotype 1)negative 2)positive 4 Cultural Stereotype4.5 How to Cope with Cultural Stereotype lAs Hu Wenzhong(1999:180)points o
30、ut,it is hard to avoid stereotypes entirely when thinking and talking about cultural differences-the line between stereotypes and generalizations is very thin.lGiven that at least some degree of stereotyping is probably inevitable,the question becomes how one should stereotype well.1.2 Cultural Ster
31、eotype4.5 How to Cope with Cultural Stereotype Ting-Toomey(1999:163)lists some ways to avoid stereotypes:l(1)being aware that we are stereotyping;l(2)assuming stereotypes are“best first guesses”,not“definite answers”;l(3)“using loose,interpretive categories rather than evaluative categories”l(4)bein
32、g open to new information ready to redefine categories;l(5)recognizing“meaningful and valid differences”between our group and theirs.5 Four Levels of Intercultural AwarenessLevel 1:Cultural differences are exoticLevel 2:Cultural differences are frustratingLevel 3:The different culture is believable.
33、Level 4:The different culture is believable as lived experiences.5 Four Levels of Intercultural AwarenessLevel InformationWay of KnowingInterpretation 1Awareness of superficial/visible cultural traits stereotypesTourism,textbooks TV,popular opinionUnbelievable,exotic bizarre,entertaining 2Awareness
34、of significant/subtle cultural traits quite different Culture conflict situationsUnbelievable in a frustrating way,irrational 3Awareness of significant/subtle cultural traits quite different Study about the culture;formal study in schoolBelievable at a thinking level,try to adjust 4Awareness of how a culture feels to an insider Getting into and living the cultureBelievable and acceptable at emotional level as lived experience AssignmentPlease preview Unit Two of the Course-book.
