1、1 WRITINGWRITINGn 主讲：主讲：刘座雄刘座雄College English Band Four2提纲n写作综述n作文类型n结构布局 n句子攻略n遣词攻略3 一、写作综述4综述之基本要求：基本要求：n在规定的时间内按所给要求完成120160词的写作。n 内容连贯，结构清楚。n 紧扣主题，主次分明。n 无重大语法错误。n 表意明确，语义运用得当，语言 丰富多样化。5评分标准评分标准6 评分标准：评分标准：n采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法，即阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(Reward Scores)，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。n从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合
2、评判。n通过恰当的语言来表达题目所规定的内容。n是否切题,是否充分表达思想,是否用英语清楚的表达（“语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍,用词和造句是否清楚而确切地表达思想”）。7 评分标准：评分标准：我的作文是这样的吗？我的作文是这样的吗？n n2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有语法错误，且多为严重的错误。n5分基本切题，表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重错误。n8分基本切题，有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯，语言错误相当多，其中有一些严重错误。8评分标准：评分标准：我的作文是这样的吗？我的作文是这样的吗？n11分切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量的语言错误。n1
3、4分切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上没有语言错误，仅有个别小错。9二、作文类型二、作文类型10作文类型之作文类型之阐述现象n要求从一个现象出发，按照提纲的要求进行写作，如：n2005年12月：Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?n1名校校园正成为旅游新热点 n2校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同 3我认为 n2003年1月：It Pays to Be Honestn1.当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象 2.诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实 11作文类型之作文类型之正反观点n要求考生从正反两个方面来论证某一观点。如：n06年12
4、月：n1.许多人喜欢在除夕夜观看春节晚会 2.但有些人提出取消春节晚会.3.我的看法.12作文类型之作文类型之英文信函n要求考生根据提纲写一封英文书信。如：n04年1月：A Letter in Reply to a Friend n02年1月：A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus 13作文类型之作文类型之夹叙夹议n要求考生写一篇记叙文，描述事件发生的时间、地点、原因、人物及结果，最后对事件进行简单分析。如：n 03年6月：An Eye-Witness Account of a Traff
5、ic Accident n1、车祸发生的时间及地点 2、你所见到的车祸情况 3、你对车祸原因的分析 14作文类型之作文类型之图表n要求从一个表格或者图片出发，按照要求写作。如：n02年6月：Student Use of Computersn1.上图所示为某校大学生平均每周使用计算机的时间:1990年（2 hours）、1995年(4 hours)、2002年(14 hours)，请描述其变化；2.请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；3.你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。15作文类型之作文类型之应用n求职信、竟聘演说等。n如：n05年1月：A
6、 Campaign Speechn1 你认为自己具备是什么条件（能力，性格，爱好）可以胜任学生会主席工作，2 如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？16作文类型之作文类型之应用n06年6月：nAn announcement for a voluntary program n1：校学生会组织一次暑假志愿活动，现招聘志愿者2：本次志愿者活动目的 内容及安排3：报名条件和联系方式 17三、谋篇布局三、谋篇布局18布局篇之布局篇之基本步骤n一、审题立意。首先要明确写作的要求，既包括题材上的要求，即写哪方面的内容，也包括体裁上的要求，即写记叙文、说明文还是议论文。n二、列提纲。由于考试时时间关系，考生不太可能
7、打草稿，为了在写的时候能够有章可循，不至于东拉西扯，列提纲是非常必要的。n三、开篇、段落、结尾。n四、审查更正。19布局篇之布局篇之我该怎样列提纲？n 提纲应包括每段的主题句、要写的主要内容以及一些关键词。例如：nTitle:The Reasons Why So Many People Are Learning English 1.Many people learn English.Students,scientists,businessmen.2.The reasons for learning English:students,study;scientists,information,re
8、search work;businessmen,import and export.203.English is an international language,easy grammar,more people will learn it.布局篇之布局篇之我该怎样列提纲？21布局篇之布局篇之一篇文章的构成A ParagraphTopic SentenceDeveloping SentencesConclusionAn EssayIntroducing Paragraph 1)General Statement 2)Thesis StatementBody Paragraph(s)Concl
9、uding Paragraph 1)Concluding Sentence(S)2)Final Thought(s)22布局篇之布局篇之篇章写作要领n一Introducing Paragraph 开篇明义，要用具有概括性的语言围绕一个中心来写，内含表达全文中心的主旨句（topic sentence).n二Body Paragraph(s)是一篇文章的主体部分，是最能展现写作水平的部分。展开的内容要提前思考成熟，最好列出点来（即列点法），以求思路清晰，句句相连，逻辑性强。展开方法和关联词语（启，承，转，合）要运用得当。n三Concluding paragraph 总结归纳全文大意，与篇首的主旨句
10、相呼应。注意：归纳句决不能简单重复主旨句内容，更不能把主旨句照抄一遍，而应当变换句式，从内容的深度和广度进一步拓展。23A)How to beginn1)直接翻译法（把outline直接翻译成topic sentence作为开头）n2)设问句开头n3)阐述说明或议论对象的重要性及地位 E.g._ plays an important role(part)in _.Its well-known(clear,true,said)that _.As we know/As everybody knows,_.Its very important for _ to _.Nothing can be mo
11、re important than _.24n4）以谚语开头 As the proverb goes,_.Thats to say,_.(In other words,_)There is a proverb that says _.e.g.一篇题为Campus Love的作文，以上述四种方式开头如下：1）Some people are strongly against campus love.2)Love is one of the most valuable experiences of ones life and the most heated topic all the way.253
12、)What is campus love?Campus love is the love that occurs between students,particularly the college students.4)As the proverb goes,Love makes the world go around.26n作文题的提问形式总是给人以错觉，以为题目要求应试者就问题做出回答。写作文的人很容易在动笔写作的时候，一下笔就先回答问题，忽视了自己是在写文章这一回事。用正确的落笔方法来表示自己的看法，在写文章的 时候，更具艺术性，反映写作人的语言造诣更高。nE.g.Can Money B
13、uy Happiness?(95.1)Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Good Luck?(98.6)How I Finance My College Education?(00,1)Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?(00,6)27B)How to develop：1.列举法(Listing)(a)nPattern:Topic sentence.There are _ kinds of _.First,_.Second,_.Third,_.In short,_.e.g.The Tape Recorder(1989.1)Th
14、e tape recorder is one of the most welcome and popular electronic devices ever invented.This device is useful in many waysnSimilar expressions:n表类别：ways,points,types,results28n表顺序：(1)First,Second,Third,(2)Firstly,Secondly,Thirdly,Lastly,(3)First of all(To begin with),next,finally,29n表 递 进 或 承 接：b e
15、s i d e s,i n addition,whats more,moreover,furthermore,especially,more importantly,particularly30n表总结：in brief,in short,in a word,in conclusion,in general,to sum up31(b)两点法:n用于较短的段落，只陈述两点。常用的关联词语有:(1)For one thing,For another,(2)On one hand,On the other hand,(3)In the first place,In the second place
16、,322.举例法(illustration)nE.g.Practice Makes Perfect(1997.1)1)怎样理解“熟能生巧”？2）例如：在英语学习中 3）又如n常见词语包括：(1)For example,(2)For instance,(3)Take for example(for instance),(4)is just a case in point.(5)can serve as an example.(6)such as,like33nE.g.A.Jefferson was a good and tireless writer.For example/instance,h
17、is complete works were made up of fifty volumes.B.Jefferson was a good and tireless writer.Take his complete works for example,they were made up of fifty volumes.C.Jefferson was a good and tireless writer.A case in point is that his complete works were made up of fifty volumes.D.Jefferson was a good
18、 and tireless writer.During his life time,he wrote a lot,such as/like the Declaration of Independence.343.因果论证法(cause and effect)nPattern:Topic sentence(Why?)One reason is_.Another reason is_.As a result,_.e.g.Dont Hesitate To Say NO(1999.1)Why cant some people make up their minds to say“No”when the
19、y do want to say so?One reason is that they are afraid of being regarded as selfish.They always hope that everyone will like them and think of them as friendly.Another reason is that they dont care the real benefits for others and the society.So they havent the bravery to say“No”.The third reason is
20、 that those who ask for help may take revenge if refused.As a result,the people who are afraid of it will always be ready to help them.35表原因的表达方式：1)This is because _.2)One reason is that _.Another reason for this is _.3)This is due to the fact that _.表原因的介词：because of,owing to,due to,as a result of,
21、thanks to 表原因的连词：because,as,for36n表结果的表达方式：连/副词：so,therefore,thus,consequently,accordingly,hence 短语：as a result,in consequence,374.比较对比法（comparison and contrast)nPattern:Para1:advantages of _.(positive aspects of _.)Para2:disadvantages of _.(negative aspects of _.)Para3:your opinion.38n1）表转折的副词或连词:b
22、ut,while,whereas,however,nevertheless,otherwisen2)表比较对比：like,unlike,likewise,similarly,in the same way,in comparison with,comparatively speaking,in contrast,contrary to,in opposite,on the contrary 39n3）表相反观点的表达：A._ can also be harmful.B.There are also some disadvantages in _.C.Every coin has two sid
23、es.D.But,we should also take the other side of the coin into consideration.E.We shouldnt neglect the fact that_.40n在对事物进行比较时，我们应该公正地平均分布两件事的篇幅，不应侧重于其中一方。n侧重于一方的对比：Living in big cities means a better living environment,a colorful life,more opportunities to be successful whereas living in small town m
24、eans a boring life.n双方均衡的对比：Living in big cities means a better living environment,a colorful life and more opportunities to be successful whereas living in small towns means unattractive living surroundings,a boring life style and few chances to success.41C.How to conclude1）以预言结尾2）以呼吁结尾3）以简单的一两句话结尾
25、e.g.一篇题为Campus Love的作文以上述三种方式结尾如下：a.Only if you take a correct attitude to campus love can you reap the benefits of it.b.Lets be more rational and realistic about campus love.c.In short,we should treat campus love in a rational way.表达自我观点的几种方式：nFrom my point of view,as for me,I firmly hold that,as f
26、ar as Im concerned,42四、句子攻略四、句子攻略43句式的运用 写作中使用不同的句式（如简单句，并列句，复合句，长句，短句，强调句，感叹句）以达到句型多样化，体现写作技巧与水平。尽量以简单句，并列句，复合句混合使用，必要时用连词，关系词把几个简单句合并成复合句。44句式的运用Eg.He doesnt know what happened.He doesnt care what happened too.He neither knows nor cares what happened.尽量以长短句搭配使用长句一般是指包含从句的复合句短句一般以不定式，分词，名词短语，介词短语，形
27、容词短语，副词短语作状语。45句式的运用Eg.For fear that (for fear of)in order that(in order to)so that (so as to)因此可以通过短语和从句 的变换改变句子长短。Eg.Because he is short of money,he cant afford to send for a doctor.Being short of money,he cant afford to send for a doctor.46句式的运用III 适当运用强调句式 It is(was)that(who)Never shall(will,sho
28、uld)we.Only if(when).will(can,could).47句式的运用nEg.1.It is the development of science and technology that enables us to clone human.n 2.Never shall we clone human.n 3.Only if we can solve all the problems shall we clone human.48Types of Sentences1.Simple sentences 一个主语，一个谓语一个主语，一个谓语2.Compound sentences
29、 两个或两个以上的两个或两个以上的独立句（简单句）比如：独立句（简单句）比如：and,but,or etc.3.Complex sentences 一个主句加上一个或一个主句加上一个或以上的从句。以上的从句。4.Compound-complex sentences 包括至包括至少两个主句，一个或以上从句。少两个主句，一个或以上从句。49Coherence within sentencenCoherence means clear and reasonable connections between parts.nEg A man is judged not only by what he sa
30、ys but also by his deeds.n She told my sister that she was wrong.n I read an interesting story in a magazine about sportsmen.50Conciseness within sentencenA sentence should contain no unnecessary words.If the idea us fully expressed,the fewer words are used,the better.nEg.Wordy:He gave many reasons
31、for the failure,but the reasons he gave were not convincing.n Concise:He gave many reasons for the failure,but none of them was convincing.51Conciseness within sentencen Wordy:In my opinion,I think your plan is feasible.n Concise:In my opinion,your plan is feasible.n Wordy:Mr.Smith usually likes to
32、drink all kinds of wines that are produced in France.n Concise:Mr.Smith prefers wines produced in France.n Mr.Smith prefers French wines.52Problems in writing single sentencesnThe Chinglish expressionnDisagreementnMisuse of the Tense and VoicenMissing of essential parts of the sentence53The Chinglis
33、h expressionnMan can live happiness.nMan is iron,and food is steel.n_ in front of the flowers and under the moonnThis kind of love I dont agree.n _ My body is good.n_ We college students are the sons of the sky.n_ People take food as heaven.54Subject and Verb Disagreementn_ My sister go to the cinem
34、a at least once a week.n_ Tom with his two brothers are going to the country.n_ He saved enough money to buy the works of Shakespeare which he thought was worth buying.55Pronoun DisagreementnIf you dont pay attention to it,we will be lost in campus love.56Misuse of the Tense and Voicen 在一般的阐述中，在一般的阐
35、述中，作文的时态应该定位在现作文的时态应该定位在现在的时间。除了阐述过去或将来发生的事情。在的时间。除了阐述过去或将来发生的事情。n 具体句中的使用：具体句中的使用：nEg.1.The harder you will practice,the greater progress you will make.n 2.Were going to divide into four groups.n 3.This fish was caught where the water didnt pollute.57Missing of essential parts of the sentencenEg.Th
36、eres no bus comes to our university.n (缺主语）缺主语）n Jenny often late for school.(缺谓缺谓语）语）n I have seen the film several times,but I still like to see.(缺宾语缺宾语)thatis/wasit58Missing of essential parts of the sentencen Is this university where you studied three years ago.(缺表语缺表语)the one59“There be”Structu
37、renWrong Sentences：nThere are many people like to go to the movies.nThere are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.whothat60Because-structure nWrong Sentences nThe real reason to our failure is not far to seek.nThe reason for this is because some people want to earn pl
38、enty of money without working hard.forthat61Because-structuren英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。我们可用种。我们可用as,because,since,seeing that,considering that,now that,in that,not thatbut that等等词组引出表示原因的从句。词组引出表示原因的从句。62Because-structuren由于我们亲眼目睹了这些伟大的成就，所由于我们亲眼目睹了这些伟大的成就，所以我们更为我们的祖国感到骄傲。以我们更为我们的祖国感到骄傲
39、。nNow that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes,we feel more proud than ever of our country.63Because-structuren污染仍然是很严重的问题，这不是因为我们没污染仍然是很严重的问题，这不是因为我们没有能力解决它，而是一些人还没有意识到这一有能力解决它，而是一些人还没有意识到这一问题的严重结果。问题的严重结果。nPollution is still a serious problem,not that we dont have the ability t
40、o solve it,but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.64Negative Structuren否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词，否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词，be和和have后面加后面加not之外，还有许多不含之外，还有许多不含not的否定结构。若能正确使用他们，文的否定结构。若能正确使用他们，文章会显得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点。章会显得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点。65Negative Structuren含有否定意义的词汇和短语含有否定意义的词汇和短语 以下列举的词和词组本身就具
41、有否定以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义，因此无需用否定词。的含义，因此无需用否定词。n介词介词against,beyond,but,except,without,.n形容词和动词形容词和动词deny,fail,free,ignore,neglect,miss,refuse,reluctant,lack,66Negative Structuren短语短语keep.from,prevent.from,let alone,in vain,instead of,rather than,too.to,by no means,in no sense,anything but 67Negative S
42、tructuren在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。nWomen fail to get the equal rights in some countries.n我们应保护树木，不让它们受破坏。我们应保护树木，不让它们受破坏。nWe should protect trees from being destroyed.n在旧中国，我们连一个钉子都造不了，更不用说在旧中国，我们连一个钉子都造不了，更不用说制造机器了。制造机器了。nIn old China we could not make a nail,let alone(make)machines.68Ne
43、gative Structuren含有半否定意义的词语：含有半否定意义的词语：barely,hardly,few,little,rarely,scarcely,seldom,not all,not everyone,not everything,.具有半否定的意具有半否定的意义。义。n几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。nWe could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.n这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读。这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书
44、籍来读。nThese young people know little about how to choose good books to read.69Negative Structuren不含否定意义的否定结构不含否定意义的否定结构有些词和词组形式上是否定结构，但其含有些词和词组形式上是否定结构，但其含义是肯定的，比如：义是肯定的，比如：cannot but,cant help,no sooner.than,not.until,nothing but,in no time等等。等等。n我们只有面对现实。我们只有面对现实。nWe cant but face the reality.n这些旧建
45、筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替。这些旧建筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替。nThese old buildings will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time.70Negative Structuren否定结构的倒装语序否定结构的倒装语序我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句首，这时句子结构应倒装。句首，这时句子结构应倒装。n我们决不应当盲从。我们决不应当盲从。nOn no account should we follow blindly.n没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热情。没有任何其他
46、地方有我国这样高的学习热情。nNo where has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in our country.71“it”Structuren It 作形式主语作形式主语nWrong SentencesnAs is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society.nIt is known to us practice makes perfect.Itth
47、at72“it”Structuren引导强调句引导强调句n只有通过这种办法，我们才能成功。只有通过这种办法，我们才能成功。nIt is only by this way that we can achieve success.n直到那时，人们才开始认识到控制人口的重要性。直到那时，人们才开始认识到控制人口的重要性。nIt was at that time that people began to realize the importance of controlling population.73Parallel StructurenWrong sentencesn _ It can not
48、only make ourselves calm and joyful but also it can enrich our knowledge.nI like group discussions better than going to lectures.enrich74Parallel Structuren所谓平行结构是指用相同的语法结构表所谓平行结构是指用相同的语法结构表示几个意思上密切相关的内容。平行结示几个意思上密切相关的内容。平行结构通常有以下词或词组连接：构通常有以下词或词组连接：bothand,notbut,neithernor,eitheror,not onlybut als
49、o,whetheror,for one thingfor another75五、遣词攻略五、遣词攻略76Misuse of the words formsn_ He was very happiness.n_ He was hit by a car when he across the street.n_ All the people are like music very much.77Misuse of wordsnEg.1).中学毕业后，他参加了工作。n After graduation from high school he took park in work.(误误)n After
50、graduation from high school he got a job.（正）（正）n 2).我们劝他休息，但他就是不听。n We persuaded him to take a rest.But he just wouldnt listen.advised78n3).中国电影很受新加坡人的欢迎。The Chinese films are welcomed by the people in Singapore.popular with79汉语负迁移作用questionproblemissue输入路径questionproblemissue问题输出路径错误选词正确选词80选词正式化nB
