1、Postgraduate books recommended by Degree Management and Postgraduate Education Bureau,Ministry of EducationMedical Statistics(the 2nd edition)Arrangement:total 72 class hours,two classes each week chapter 1 Introduction1.Key definitions2.the steps for medical statistics3.Brief history of StatisticsS
2、tatisticsThe science for data collection,sorting,and analysis.Definition：the science that study the collection,sorting and analysis of medical data.Characteristics：1、Using the quantity to reflect the quality 2、Using chance events(uncertainty)to reflect the inevitability(rules)Medical StatisticsLearn
3、ing objectives：1、Basic principles and methods of Statistics （Learning Emphasis）2、Application Statistics(Clinical Medicine,Preventive Medicine,and Health Care Management)Medical StatisticsPurpose：a tool for medical researchEmphasis:statistical indicators used for calculating or comparing the quantita
4、tive characteristics of populationExample:health expectation infant mortalityMedical StatisticsSection 1.Key definitions variable,individual,sample and population individual（observatory unit）：）：the basic unit in statistical research,it depends on the purpose.variable（indicator）：）：individual characte
5、ristics examples:height、weight、gender、blood type、treatment effect etc.Variable value：the value of variablesExamples:height 1.65 meters weight 52 kggender female blood type “O”laboratory test negative treatment effect betterData:composed of a lot of variable values.Example:Data for blood glucose homo
6、geneity：common characteristics for the given individuals example：the heights of the boys with the age of 7 living in Changsha 2004 variation:difference existing among the variable values of homogeneity individuals example:the different heights of the boys with the age of 7 living in Changsha 2004 De
7、finition：the whole homogeneity individuals determined by specific purpose.example：all the heights of boys at 7 that lived in Changsha 2004 finite population：the space,time and population for a specific population have been limited.infinite population：no time and space limits for the population.Such
8、populations only exist in imagination,so it is called infinite population.populationdefinition：the set of variable values of some individuals sampled from the population at random.Example:the heights of 200 boys at 7 from Changsha.sampleSampling studySample information(statistic)Population character
9、istics（parameter）inferencenote：sampling is only the way to get information,inferring the population is our purpose、variable and data measurement data:it is also called as quantitative or numerical data.Its value is quantitative.Measurement data always has measurement units.example：height data,weight
10、 data enumeration data:qualitative or count data.For such data,it needs to classify the observation units before and count them.Its value appear different characteristics and sorts.Binomial:gender,live or death,yes or no.Multiple：blood type,A、B、O、AB.ranked data:ordinal or semi-quantitative data.It n
11、eed to classify observatory units into different classes according the extent before calculate the frequencies of each groups.There exists obvious differences among different classes.example:to evaluate the treatment effect of one drug on heart failure,we use the indicator(cured,better,worsen,dead)t
12、o assess the treatment effect.Choosing of statistical methods depends on the data type to a great extent。Data transformationQuantitative data ranked data（multiple）binomial dataexample：WBC（1/m3）count of five persons：3000 6000 5000 8000 12000 quantitative variablelower normal normal normal higher qual
13、itative variablelower normal normal normal higher qualitative variable Binomial data:normal 3 persons;abnormal 2 personsMultiple category data:lower 1 person;normal;3 persons;higher 1 person errordefinition：the difference between measurement value and true value.1、rand error：unstable and changing at
14、 random errors that caused by uncontrolled factors.Commonly,rand errors are referred to those errors appearing during repeated measurements and sampling.Often,measurement error is extremely lower than sampling error.In Statistics,sampling error is the main study contents.2.Nonrandom error is divided
15、 into systematic error and non systematic error:Systematic error:it is produced in experiment and keeps constant or changes according certain rules.Usually,its reasons are known and controllable.Nonsystematic error（gross error）:it is always caused by obvious grosses.、frequency and probability 1Frequ
16、ency Given the same condition,repeat a trial for n times independently.Among n trials,A appears for m times，so the ratio of m/n is called the frequency of random event A among n trials.(A)Pm n 2probability:the likelihood of random events.Given the same condition,repeat a trial for n times independen
17、tly.Among n trials,A appears for times，so the ratio of is called the frequency of random event A.As n increases gradually,the frequency will approach a constant.The constant is called the probability of random event A and expressed in .In common,it is abbreviated as ./fnf(A)PP/fn=1 A is absolute eve
18、nt.=0 A is absolutely nonoccurrence event1 A is random event.PPPif（A），nonrandom event;if（A），if 0（A），Range：1P0（A）Frequency is used to describe the sample,while the probability for the population.m/n is the estimation of .As trials increases,the estimation value is more reliable.(A)P small probability
19、 event:Because the conclusions are made based on a certain significance level,statisticians always select as judge criterion.So such events with are called small probability events.It means that such events happen rarely and can be regarded as nonoccurrence.(A)0.05(A)0.01PP或(A)0.05(A)0.01PP或Section
20、2 the steps for statistical workHere,it means statistical design,the most important factor for a successful research.It involves the arrangements for the process of data collection,sorting and analysis.design 3controlThree principles for experiment design1randomization2.Replication objective：to gath
21、er accurate and reliable raw data data sources：statistical reporting routine records purposive surveys or experiments statistical yearbook and special data bookrequirements：1、randomization 2、sufficient sample size Data collectionData sortingIt is the process that cleans and systematizes raw data.Dat
22、a sorting prepares the required data for next step,data analysis.Data/statistical analysis objective：to illustrate the rules hidden in the data.It includes two aspects:1.statistical description：it is the process of describing the characteristics of data using statistical indicators,statistical chart
23、s and statistical tables.2.statistical inference：the process of using sample statistic to infer population parameter.It consists of:parameter estimation and hypothesis testing.Statistical descriptionStatistical inferenceindicatorTable and chartParameter estimationHypothesis testingStatisticalanalysi
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