1、Objectives and ToolsStrong Tree FrameworkBalanced RenewalFacilitate ManagementHarvest Sunlight EfficientlyMaintain ProductivityFaster growthEarlier fruitingLess light penetrationPoor spray coverageMore difficult to manageA.Establish a strong tree frameworkB.Facilitate management of tree and cropC.Ha
2、rvest sunlight efficientlyD.Maintain productivity by renewing fruiting woodBalanced RenewalUpright vertical trunkWell distributed scaffoldsWide crotch anglesStructural WoodVertical trunkWell Distributed ScaffoldsWide branch angles are strongerNarrow angles are weak and increase shading inside canopy
3、Major objective of the first three yearsMust last the lifetime of the tree Structural support for fruit cropShould not be crowdedHeight of primary scaffoldsDistribute scaffolds wellTree uniformityTree sizeAccess to tree base Irrigation,herbicides,fertilizersAllow air movement to minimize disease pre
4、ssureEasy entry to treeThinning,pruning,harvestingGood pesticide coverageEasier to train employeesMechanization possibleSmall trees are easier to workNo ladders neededEasy to reach all parts of treeBetter spray penetrationOptimize height of primary scaffoldsAllow space at tree baseDistribute scaffol
5、ds wellDo not over crowd scaffoldsTree uniformityLimit tree size with summer and winter pruningMaximize surface area of orchard covered by canopyLimit canopy depthMost rapid in high density plantings50%30%Light Intensity Decreases Within the Tree CanopyPhotosynthesis Decreases at Lower Light LevelsP
6、oor fruit color Poor fruit distribution Less fruit bud developmentPoor fruit sizePoor fruit flavorLight Intensity Affects Fruit Color and Size%Light PenetrationFruit size(grams)%Light Penetration%Fruit Distribution%Light Penetration%Soluble SolidsMaximize Orchard Floor Covered with CanopyLimit canop
7、y depth to 1.0 m.Expose all parts of the canopy with at least 50%sunlightBalanced RenewalMaintain light distribution in canopyRemove unproductive woodMaintain good vegetative/fruit balanceOnly sun-exposed areas produce quality fruitLimit canopy depth to 1.0 m.Control tree size Unless control tree si
8、ze the fruit moves up every year Lower part of tree will be shadedFruiting wood which hangs downFruiting wood which is shadedWater sprouts and root suckersDiseased or damaged woodWeak or thin woodRemove weak or thin woodRemove weak or thin woodThin out excessively vigorous vegetative growth during s
9、ummerAllows light into center of treeRemove excessive fruiting woodIn peaches-remove 40-60%of new fruiting wood each yearMany approaches workOpen center is most common for peachesCentral leader is most common for pome fruitFind a program that works and stick to itKeep in mind the four objectivesEsta
10、blish a strong tree frameworkFacilitate management of tree and cropHarvest sunlight efficientlyMaintain productivity by balanced renewal Controlled by the plant hormone auxinProduced by actively growing shootsMoves down the branch with gravity4Inhibits lateral bud break4Inhibits lateral shoot growth
11、4Affects branch angle4Remove part of the branch4Stimulate bud break near cut4Stimulate localized branching4Remove branch at point of origin4Least invigorating cut4Promote light penetration into canopy4Maintenance pruningDecreases amount of auxin moving from tipIncrease lateral branchingDecrease term
12、inal growthBend to a 45 to 60 degree angleDecreases amount of auxin moving from tipIncrease lateral branchingBuds at highest point breakDecrease terminal growthBend below the horizontalDormant pruning Most common approachSummer pruning Works well in combination with dormant pruning Open up the tree to allow light into centerDifferent varieties/crops grow differently Spur types in applesVigor level of the tree Age of the tree Rootstock Fertility/irrigation/soil constraintsSmall fruited vs.large fruited crops
