1、胆汁酸代谢及其异常胆汁酸代谢及其异常Bile acid metabolism and its abnormityBile acid metabolism and its abnormity一、胆汁的组成一、胆汁的组成(position of bile)胆汁是由肝细胞将胆汁酸、无机离子和水胆汁是由肝细胞将胆汁酸、无机离子和水分等分泌到胆小管所形成。分等分泌到胆小管所形成。Bile from the liver cells to bile acids,inorganic ions such as water and released into the tube formed by bile can
2、aliculi.bile pigment cholesterolinorganic saltqTo promote digestion and absorption of fatTo promote digestion and absorption of fat 促进脂肪的消化和吸收促进脂肪的消化和吸收 qTo promote the absorption of fat-soluble vitaminsTo promote the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins 促进脂溶性维生素的吸收促进脂溶性维生素的吸收qRegulation of cholestero
3、l metabolism,The Regulation of cholesterol metabolism,The maintenance of cholesterol in the bile of the state of maintenance of cholesterol in the bile of the state of dissolutiondissolution 调节胆固醇代谢调节胆固醇代谢,维持胆汁中胆固醇的溶解状态维持胆汁中胆固醇的溶解状态二、胆汁二、胆汁(主要是胆汁酸主要是胆汁酸)的功能的功能Functon of bile acid Functon of bile aci
4、d qReduce oil/water surface tension 降低油降低油/水两相之间的水两相之间的界面张力界面张力qMake the hydrophobic lipids in aqueous micro-emulsion into a small micelle使疏水性的脂类在水相使疏水性的脂类在水相中乳化成细小的微团中乳化成细小的微团立体构象立体构象:亲水面亲水面-疏水面疏水面(较强的乳化剂)(较强的乳化剂)原料原料(:胆固醇:胆固醇()部位部位(:肝细胞肝细胞(种类种类(:游离型、结合型游离型、结合型三、胆汁酸的代谢与功能三、胆汁酸的代谢与功能 Metabolism and
5、function of bile acidsMetabolism and function of bile acids(一)初级胆汁酸的生物合成(一)初级胆汁酸的生物合成 Biosynthesis Biosynthesis of of 概念(概念(concept)concept)胆固醇在肝细胞内转化生成的胆汁酸。胆固醇在肝细胞内转化生成的胆汁酸。Cholesterol in the liver cells generated into Cholesterol in the liver cells generated into bile acidsbile acids胆酸胆酸 cholic ac
6、idcholic acid鹅脱氧胆酸鹅脱氧胆酸 chenodeoxy cholic acidchenodeoxy cholic acid游离型游离型甘氨胆酸甘氨胆酸glycocholic acidglycocholic acid牛磺胆酸牛磺胆酸 taurocholic acidtaurocholic acid甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸glycochenodeoxycholic acidglycochenodeoxycholic acid牛磺鹅脱氧胆酸牛磺鹅脱氧胆酸taurochenodeoxycholic acidtaurochenodeoxycholic acid结合型结合型部位部位(si
7、te):(site):小肠小肠(small intestine)small intestine)大肠大肠(large intestine)(large intestine)(二)次级胆汁酸的生物合成(二)次级胆汁酸的生物合成Biosynthesis second bile acidBiosynthesis second bile acid初级胆汁酸分泌到肠道后受肠道细菌作用生成的初级胆汁酸分泌到肠道后受肠道细菌作用生成的产物产物概念(概念(concept)concept):q胆汁酸本身的负反馈调节胆汁酸本身的负反馈调节 Bile acid is a negative feedback regu
8、lationBile acid is a negative feedback regulationq甲状腺激素可促进胆汁酸合成甲状腺激素可促进胆汁酸合成 Thyroid hormone may promote bile acid Thyroid hormone may promote bile acid synthesissynthesis(三)合成过程(三)合成过程(synthesis process)(synthesis process)关键酶:关键酶:7-7-羟化酶羟化酶(Hydroxylase)(Hydroxylase)调节调节(regulation)(regulation)胆汁酸经肝
9、细胞合成后,分泌入胆汁,进胆汁酸经肝细胞合成后,分泌入胆汁,进入肠道后大部分可被重吸收,经门脉循环入肠道后大部分可被重吸收,经门脉循环回到肝脏,再由肝细胞摄取,与新合成的回到肝脏,再由肝细胞摄取,与新合成的胆汁酸一同分泌入胆汁,肠胆汁酸一同分泌入胆汁,肠-肝之间的胆汁肝之间的胆汁酸循环称为胆汁酸的肠肝循环。酸循环称为胆汁酸的肠肝循环。Bile acid synthesis by the liver cells,secreted into the bile Bile acid synthesis by the liver cells,secreted into the bile into the
10、 intestine after most of the weight can be into the intestine after most of the weight can be absorbed through the portal vein back to the cycle of the absorbed through the portal vein back to the cycle of the liver,liver cells from the intake,and the synthesis of new liver,liver cells from the inta
11、ke,and the synthesis of new bile acid secretion with bile into the intestines-Between bile acid secretion with bile into the intestines-Between the liver and intestine bile acid cycle known as the bile the liver and intestine bile acid cycle known as the bile acid enterohepatic circulation.acid ente
12、rohepatic circulation.概念(概念(concept)concept)四四.胆汁酸的肠肝循环胆汁酸的肠肝循环 of bile acid有限的胆汁酸发挥最大的乳化作用有限的胆汁酸发挥最大的乳化作用;并使胆汁中胆汁酸并使胆汁中胆汁酸/胆固醇比例恒定胆固醇比例恒定,不易不易形成胆固醇结石。形成胆固醇结石。Limited Bile acids play maximize the role of the Limited Bile acids play maximize the role of the emulsion;Bile acid/cholesterol ratio consta
13、nt,emulsion;Bile acid/cholesterol ratio constant,Is not easy to form cholesterol gallstone.Is not easy to form cholesterol gallstone.胆汁酸的肠肝循环胆汁酸的肠肝循环 of bile acid意义意义(signification)(signification)一、肝硬化的临床生物化学一、肝硬化的临床生物化学Clinical biochemistry of hepatocirrhosisClinical biochemistry of hepatocirrhosis
14、肝硬化是一种以肝组织弥漫性纤维化、假小叶和再生肝硬化是一种以肝组织弥漫性纤维化、假小叶和再生结节形成为特征的慢性肝病。是许多肝脏疾病晚期的结节形成为特征的慢性肝病。是许多肝脏疾病晚期的共同病变。临床上有多系统受累,以肝功能减损、门共同病变。临床上有多系统受累,以肝功能减损、门脉高压两大症侯群为主要表现,晚期常出现上消化道脉高压两大症侯群为主要表现,晚期常出现上消化道出血,肝性脑病,继发感染等严重的并发症。出血,肝性脑病,继发感染等严重的并发症。概念(概念(concept)Cirrhosis is a pathological diagnosis.It is characterized by w
15、idespread fibrosis with nodular regeneration.Its presence implies previous or continuing hepatic cell damage.注意:注意:肝小叶、血管结构改变,即假小叶形成。如小肝小叶、血管结构改变,即假小叶形成。如小叶结构大部分完好(先天性肝纤维化)也不是叶结构大部分完好(先天性肝纤维化)也不是肝硬化。肝硬化。纤维化和结节再生必须同时存在。只有再生结节纤维化和结节再生必须同时存在。只有再生结节或纤维化不是肝硬化。(如肝门脉性硬化症没有或纤维化不是肝硬化。(如肝门脉性硬化症没有结节再生)结节再生)肝硬化
16、的病变为弥漫性,累及整个肝脏。局部纤肝硬化的病变为弥漫性,累及整个肝脏。局部纤维化不是肝硬化。维化不是肝硬化。l常见的病因包括:常见的病因包括:l病毒性肝炎病毒性肝炎(viral hepatitis)(viral hepatitis)l酒精性肝炎酒精性肝炎(alcoholic hepatitis)(alcoholic hepatitis)l胆汁郁积胆汁郁积(cholestasis)(cholestasis)l严重心力衰竭(严重心力衰竭(severe heart failure)severe heart failure)l肝豆状核变性肝豆状核变性(hepatolenticular disease
17、)(hepatolenticular disease)l -抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症(-antitrypsin deficiency)-antitrypsin deficiency)病病 因因 AetiologyAetiology引起肝硬化的病因较多,同一病因可发展为不同病理引起肝硬化的病因较多,同一病因可发展为不同病理类型的肝硬化,而同一病理类型的肝硬化亦可由不同类型的肝硬化,而同一病理类型的肝硬化亦可由不同病因引起。病因引起。1.1.肝硬化的生物化学机制肝硬化的生物化学机制 Cirrhosis of the biochemical mechanismsCirrhosis of th
18、e biochemical mechanisms缺氧和炎症刺激,导致胶原纤维合成增强。以缺氧和炎症刺激,导致胶原纤维合成增强。以I I型及型及型为主。型为主。Hypoxia and inflammatory stimulation,resulting in Hypoxia and inflammatory stimulation,resulting in enhanced synthesis of collagen fibers.I type in the main-enhanced synthesis of collagen fibers.I type in the main-and.and
19、.机体免疫机能不足,肝细胞反复遭受机体免疫机能不足,肝细胞反复遭受HBVHBV破坏,破坏,以及肝细胞结节状再生,纤维组织不断增生,导致以及肝细胞结节状再生,纤维组织不断增生,导致肝硬化。肝硬化。Lack of immune function,liver cells from recurring Lack of immune function,liver cells from recurring destruction of HBV,as well as nodular liver cell destruction of HBV,as well as nodular liver cell reg
20、eneration,continuous proliferation of fibrous tissue,regeneration,continuous proliferation of fibrous tissue,leading to cirrhosis.leading to cirrhosis.跟跟Kuffer细胞分泌多种细胞因子及胶原酶等生细胞分泌多种细胞因子及胶原酶等生物活性物质以及储脂细胞产生胶原等有关。物活性物质以及储脂细胞产生胶原等有关。Kuffer cells with a variety of cytokines and bio-active substances,such
21、 as collagenase,as well as fat-storing cells produce collagen and so on.涉及许多遗传因素,这已成为肝细胞对损伤涉及许多遗传因素,这已成为肝细胞对损伤反应的独立病原因素。肝细胞和胆管上皮细胞反应的独立病原因素。肝细胞和胆管上皮细胞内角蛋白的表达异常等都与肝纤维化有关。内角蛋白的表达异常等都与肝纤维化有关。Many of the genetic factors involved,this has bee a liver cell injury in response to the independent pathogenic
22、factors.1.1.肝硬化的生物化学机制肝硬化的生物化学机制 Cirrhosis of the biochemical mechanismsCirrhosis of the biochemical mechanisms1.1.血清蛋白质检测血清蛋白质检测 TP(TP(总蛋白)总蛋白),ALB,ALB(白蛋白)(白蛋白),A/G,A/G(白球比例)(白球比例),球蛋白球蛋白2.2.血清胆红素与胆汁酸血清胆红素与胆汁酸-两者呈不同程度升高两者呈不同程度升高 3.3.血清酶类血清酶类-ALT-ALT,ASTAST,MAOMAO等增高等增高4.4.凝血酶原时间延长,且凝血酶原时间延长,且VitKV
23、itK不能加以纠正不能加以纠正 肝功能实验肝功能实验Liver function test分类分类(classification)(classification):线粒体线粒体(Mitochondria)(Mitochondria)向阳极移动向阳极移动 2 2种种结缔组织结缔组织(Connective tissue)(Connective tissue)向阴极移动向阴极移动 2 2种种单胺氧化酶(单胺氧化酶(monoamine oxidasemonoamine oxidase,MAOMAO)分布(分布(distribution)distribution):肝、肾、脑肝、肾、脑纤维化形成机制:纤
24、维化形成机制:结缔组织中的结缔组织中的MAOMAO,如赖氨酰氧化酶催化胶原,如赖氨酰氧化酶催化胶原末端的部分羟赖氨酰基及赖氨酰基氧化成醛,然后末端的部分羟赖氨酰基及赖氨酰基氧化成醛,然后与其临近的赖氨酰基生成与其临近的赖氨酰基生成SchiffSchiff碱。碱。这种稳定交联的形成使胶原纤维结构稳定,故血这种稳定交联的形成使胶原纤维结构稳定,故血清中的清中的MAOMAO活性增高,常提示胶原纤维增生活跃。活性增高,常提示胶原纤维增生活跃。-PH -PH催化胶原中脯氨酸变为羟脯氨酸,催化胶原中脯氨酸变为羟脯氨酸,在胶原合成中起关键作用。在胶原合成中起关键作用。肝纤维化:肝纤维化:-PH-PH含量及活
25、性含量及活性q透明质酸(透明质酸(hyaluronic acidhyaluronic acid,HAHA)由间质细胞合成,大)由间质细胞合成,大部分在肝内被代谢。肝病患者,肝间质细胞增生部分在肝内被代谢。肝病患者,肝间质细胞增生,合成明显合成明显增多,肝细胞受损,对血中的增多,肝细胞受损,对血中的HAHA摄取及降解障碍摄取及降解障碍q层黏连蛋白(层黏连蛋白(LNLN)细胞外间质中基底膜的主要成分,肝)细胞外间质中基底膜的主要成分,肝纤维化倾向时,纤维化倾向时,LNLN合成和沉积增加合成和沉积增加q型胶原前肽(型胶原前肽(procollagen III peptideprocollagen II
26、I peptide,PIIIPPIIIP)血清中含)血清中含量反映肝纤维化的程度和活动性量反映肝纤维化的程度和活动性qIVIV型胶原是血管基底膜的主要成分,肝纤维化倾向时增高型胶原是血管基底膜的主要成分,肝纤维化倾向时增高其他生物化学检查其他生物化学检查穿刺肝组织活检穿刺肝组织活检Liver needle biopsy二、乙醇性肝脏疾病的生物化学 自学 是各种严重的肝病(如:严重的肝功能不全)的是各种严重的肝病(如:严重的肝功能不全)的并发症或终末表现,是以代谢紊乱为基础、临床以并发症或终末表现,是以代谢紊乱为基础、临床以意识障碍和昏迷为主要表现的中枢神经系统功能紊意识障碍和昏迷为主要表现的中
27、枢神经系统功能紊乱的综合征。乱的综合征。Hepatic encephalopathy is a syndrome observed in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.It is characterized by personality changes,intellectual impairment,and a depressed level of consciousness.1 1、概念(、概念(concept)concept)2 2、临床表现、临床表现Clinical presentationClinical presentationSleepi
28、ng disorderSleeping disorderApathyApathyChildishnessChildishnessConfusionConfusionDrowsinessDrowsiness睡意睡意ComaComal肝硬化(各种),大部分,肝炎后肝硬化最多见,门肝硬化(各种),大部分,肝炎后肝硬化最多见,门-体分流体分流(手术或肝内自然分流)(手术或肝内自然分流)Cirrhosis(all kinds),most of liver cirrhosis,up to see the door-Cirrhosis(all kinds),most of liver cirrhosis,u
29、p to see the door-shunt(Natural intrahepatic or shunt surgery)shunt(Natural intrahepatic or shunt surgery)l急性或爆发性肝功能衰竭:重症肝炎(病毒性、中毒性、药物急性或爆发性肝功能衰竭:重症肝炎(病毒性、中毒性、药物性)性)Acute or fulminant hepatic failure :severe hepatitis(viral,Acute or fulminant hepatic failure :severe hepatitis(viral,toxic,drug-induce
30、d)toxic,drug-induced)l原发性肝癌、妊娠期急性脂肪肝、严重胆道感染原发性肝癌、妊娠期急性脂肪肝、严重胆道感染 Primary liver cancer,acute fatty liver of pregnancy,severe Primary liver cancer,acute fatty liver of pregnancy,severe biliary tract infectionbiliary tract infectionl各种肝病的终末期各种肝病的终末期 A variety of end-stage liver diseaseA variety of end-
31、stage liver disease4 4、诱因、诱因inducement inducement q上消化道出血上消化道出血Upper gastrointestinal bleedingUpper gastrointestinal bleedingq感染感染infectioninfectionq大量排钾利尿大量排钾利尿a large number of potassium diuretic a large number of potassium diuretic rowrowq放腹水放腹水put ascitesput ascitesq高蛋白饮食高蛋白饮食high-protein diethi
32、gh-protein dietq便秘便秘constipationconstipationq尿毒症尿毒症uremiauremiaq催眠镇静剂催眠镇静剂hypnotic sedativeshypnotic sedativesq麻醉药麻醉药anesthetics anesthetics q外科手术外科手术surgicalsurgical5、发病机制、发病机制l氨中毒学说氨中毒学说Ammonia intoxication hypothesisAmmonia intoxication hypothesisl假性神经递质与氨基酸不平衡学说假性神经递质与氨基酸不平衡学说l-氨基丁酸氨基丁酸/苯二氮卓苯二氮卓
33、 (GABA/BZ)GABA/BZ)复合复合体学说体学说l氨、硫醇和短链脂肪酸的协同毒性作用氨、硫醇和短链脂肪酸的协同毒性作用(1)1)、氨的形成与代谢、氨的形成与代谢氨在肠道的吸收受肠道pH值的影响大部分是由尿素经肠道的尿素酶分解产生 小部分是食物中的蛋白质被肠菌氨基酸氧化酶分解产生代谢代谢(Metabolism)(Metabolism)来源来源(Source)(Source)肠道、肾、骨骼肌产生氨氨在肠道的吸收受肠道氨在肠道的吸收受肠道pHpH值的影响值的影响 l 氨在肠道的吸收以非离子型氨(氨在肠道的吸收以非离子型氨(NHNH3 3)弥散进)弥散进入肠粘膜,入肠粘膜,其吸收比离子型氨其吸
34、收比离子型氨(NH(NH4 4+)高)高l游离游离NHNH3 3有毒,能通过血脑屏障有毒,能通过血脑屏障 NHNH4 4+相对无毒,不能通过血脑屏障相对无毒,不能通过血脑屏障 lNHNH3 3与与NHNH4 4+相互转化受相互转化受 pHpH影响影响 肠肠pH6pH6大量弥散入血大量弥散入血 pHpH 6 cytoplasm 线粒体线粒体mitochondriamitochondria线粒体线粒体 细胞质细胞质5-255-25卡门单位卡门单位8-288-28卡门单位卡门单位5-40U/L5-40U/L8-40U/L8-40U/LALPALP碱性磷酸酶碱性磷酸酶 alkaline alkalin
35、e phosphatasephosphataser-GTr-GT谷胺酰基转移酶谷胺酰基转移酶 -glutamyltransfaraseglutamyltransfarase分布分布distribution distribution 肝、骨、肾、小肝、骨、肾、小肠、胎盘肠、胎盘kidneykidney肾、肾、liverliver肝、肝、pancreaspancreas胰腺胰腺代谢代谢metabolismmetabolism肝脏肝脏ALPALP经胆汁经胆汁排入小肠排入小肠来源于肝胆系统来源于肝胆系统意义意义significationsignification增高增高(胆汁淤滞、胆汁淤滞、骨疾病骨疾病)胆汁淤滞胆汁淤滞 肝癌肝癌 嗜嗜酒酒 AFP