1、腹腔内高压与腹腔间隙综合症腹腔内高压与腹腔间隙综合症Intra-Abdominal Hypertension(IAH)&Abdominal CompartmentSyndrome(ACS)Sillent killer!你关注过他们的腹内压是多少呢?你曾经见过危重患者液体复苏后越来越肿胀吗？你见过ICU患者发生 肾衰 需要透析吗？你曾经见过患者发生多器官衰竭 最后死亡吗?病例1:脓毒症儿童5 岁女孩因脓毒症入院 治疗:补液、血管活性药物、抗生素 24小时后症状加重：低血压、无尿、低氧、高碳酸血症。IAP=26 腹腔减压术 迅速缓解了肾、肺和血流动力学不稳定状态 7 天后关腹、存活出院DeCou,
2、J Ped Surg 2000病例2:肺栓塞46 岁肺栓塞男性使用肝素抗凝后：迅速进展,需要血管活性药物、大量补液、输血（后腹膜血肿）无尿、血压下降、通气困难IAP 50 mm Hg腹腔减压后无尿、低血压及呼吸机支持程度均好转最后存活出院Dabney,Intensive Care Med 2001病例3:胸部和盆腔创伤54 岁男性15英尺高坠落 肋骨、盆腔、腰椎骨折 盆腔外固定、腰部制动 2 天后出现呼吸困难、插管机械通气 肺部症状进展，出现低血压，需要大量补液及多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素 肺动脉导管显示前负荷正常，但是出现无尿 膀胱压力 46 cm 减压 初期心肺功能迅速改善，但是后期恶化，9天后
3、死于MSOF.Kopelman,J Trauma 200077 岁男性卧床后误吸.转入 ICU 后插管，低血压一晚上给与10 升的静脉补液,去甲肾 1.0 mg/kg/min.无尿(8小时35 ml 尿).血乳酸=4.6IAP=31 mm Hg.腹部平片 大小肠明显肿胀，超声未显示腹腔积液.外科会诊后予以剖腹减压1 小时后:IAP 12 mm Hg,尿量210 ml,去甲肾撤用Cheatham,WSACS 2006病例4:误吸患者由此可见 创伤并不是ACS 唯一病因:IAH 和ACS 出现于多数ICU中(PICU,MICU,SICU,CVICU,NCC,OR,ER).临床监测IAP 是必要的:
4、能有助于判定IAH是否会导致器官功能衰竭 仅关注 IAP升高到一定的值将会导致诊断的延误:临床出现明显的ACS症状后才去测定 IAP势必会使 亚急性的临床事件变为急症.IAP 监测 能早期发现和早期干预 IAH，以免发生 ACS.定义 what is it?病因 病理生理 流行病学 对患者预后的影响 监测:经膀胱测压 治疗t 犹他（Utah）大学的诊疗规范What is compartment syndrome?定义WCACS,Antwerp Belgium 2007 腹腔内压Intra-abdominal Pressure(IAP):腹膜腔内的压力 腹腔内高压Intra-abdominal
5、Hypertension(IAH):IAP持续 12 mm Hg(通常伴随隐性缺血)，不伴明显的器官功能障碍 腹腔间隙综合征Abdominal Compartment Syndrome(ACS):IAH 20 mm Hg，并且至少1个器官功能衰竭腹腔内压力水平是如何定义的?压力(mm Hg)定义 0-5 正常 5-10 大多 ICU患者常见 12(Grade I)腹腔内高压 16-20(Grade II)危险的 IAH-建议开始非创伤性的 干预 21-25(Grade III)强烈提示ACS-剖腹减压伴随对腹腔内压力增高对器官功能的影响，对腹腔内高压的定义基准已经下调WSACS.org生理改变
6、/危重急症组织缺血全身炎症反应(SIRS)毛细血管渗漏组织水肿(包括肠壁和肠系膜)腹腔内高压（IAH）液体复苏IAP升高的原因1.严重的腹腔内、腹膜后病变2.缺血改变/SIRS 需要液体复苏：24小时内大量补液后正出的量超过5000ml 这么多液体到哪这么多液体到哪里去了呢？里去了呢？水在这儿呢!IAH&ACS病理生理改变心血管系统:腹腔内压力增高导致:静脉回心血流量减少导致大静脉塌陷受压 胸腔内压力（ITP）增高后产生多种负性心肌效应 结果:心脏输出量减少 全身血管阻力增加 心脏负荷增加 组织灌注降低,混合血血氧饱和度ScvO2降低 CVP 和 PAWP升高，但并不能反应真正的右心室前负荷水
7、平 心脏供血不足 心脏骤停 PEEPPIP吸气压峰值腹内压胸廓顺应性胸膜腔压力肺顺应性气道阻力心脏内压力心室顺应性改变、瓣膜病变导管尖端的压力 血管内容量CVP,PAOP&CI in the presence of Intra-abdominal Hypertensionr=-0.33r=-0.33CVP,PAOP 和心脏指数之间是无相关关系的Cheatham,Malbrain 2005Ridings,et al 1995肺:IAP增加导致:膈肌抬高导致肺容量减少,胸廓顺应性变差，变得“僵硬”,肺泡充气不良,组织间液增加(淋巴回流受阻)结果:胸内压增高气道峰压增加,潮气量减少 间质水肿、肺充气
8、不良、低氧血症、高碳酸血症 机械通气相关性肺损伤/气压伤 细胞因子释放 前炎症反应 ARDS病理生理改变:肺IAH正常正常ITP胃肠道:腹内压增高导致:肠系膜静脉和毛细血管受压/充血 心输出到胃肠道血流量减少 结果:肠道灌注减少,水肿和渗出增加 缺血、坏死、细胞因子释放、中性粒细胞趋化聚集 细菌易位 SIRS发生发展 腹腔内液体进一步增加肾脏:腹腔内压力增加导致:肾静脉和实质受压 心脏输出到肾脏血流量减少结果:肾血流量减少 肾充血水肿 肾小球滤过率降低(GFR)肾衰、少尿/无尿 正常腹部 CT 下腔静脉下腔静脉注意腹腔是注意腹腔是椭圆的，而椭圆的，而不是球形不是球形正常肾脏正常肾脏后腹膜血肿后
9、腹膜血肿注意：腹腔注意：腹腔是圆的，而是圆的，而不是椭圆形不是椭圆形了！了！肾脏受压，病肾脏受压，病人无尿人无尿Pickhardt,AJR 1999ACS 时异常的腹部 肾脏受压变得扁平的下腔静脉变得扁平的下腔静脉中枢神经系统:腹腔内压力增高导致:胸内压增高 上腔静脉压力增高导致回胸腔血流降低结果:中心静脉压增高 颅内压增高 大脑灌注压降低 脑水肿,脑缺氧,脑损伤 Maryland 休克创伤中心对颅内压顽固升高的患者均常规实施开腹减压手术病理生理改变腹腔内压力改变对其它压力指标的影响:IAP 增高会导致 ICP（颅内压）,IJP（颈内静脉压）and CVP(PAOP，肺动脉阻塞压)增高15 升
10、袋置于腹壁(Citerio 2001)IAH in neuro patientsJoseph 2004:腹腔减压治疗顽固性颅内高压 17 位经其它治疗(其中14位实施开颅减压手术)后仍顽固性 ICP增高患者-平均 ICP 30 mm Hg,平均 IAP 27 mm Hg 17位均行剖腹减压术 100%ICP立即或数小时后下降-平均 17 mm Hg 11 位 ICP一直正常 这 11位均存活，并且无神经系统后遗症“good neurologic outcome”缺血时间与细胞存活的关系不可逆的细胞凋亡或坏死不可逆的细胞凋亡或坏死Rivers Early goal directed therap
11、y for sepsis lecture细胞氧需量的基线细胞氧需量的基线无氧代谢无氧代谢有氧代谢有氧代谢时间紧迫的(黄金小时-分钟为单位)心脏骤停(5 min)严重创伤(“The golden hour”)急性心肌梗死(“time is muscle”“90 min DTB”)休克(“Brain attack”3 hour time window)严重的ICP 升高(cranial compartment syndrome)张力性气胸、心包填塞(thoracic compart syndrome)时间紧急的(6 小时-小时为单位)脓毒性休克(“Surviving sepsis”total bo
12、dy ischemia)IAH-ACS(“Surviving fluid resuscitation”total body ischemia)肢体缺血(栓塞,肢端间隔综合征)肠系膜缺血(主动脉栓塞,IAH-ACS)Circling the DrainIntra-abdominal PressureMucosalBreakdown(Multi-System Organ Failure)Bacterial translocation,Cellular Apoptosis,NecrosisAcidosisDecreased O2 deliveryAnaerobic metabolismCapilla
13、ry leakFree radical formationICU患者ACS的发病率*?Malbrain,Intensive Care Medicine(2004):Abdominal pressure:Total PrevalenceMICU prevalenceSICU prevalenceIAP 1258.8%54.4%65%IAP 1528.9%29.8%27.5%IAP 20 plus organ failure8.2%10.5%5.0%*These data are for ALL ICU patients.MUCH higher if you use a protocol to s
14、elect high risk patients.脓毒症患者的发病率*Efstathiou et al,Intensive Care Med 2005;31 supp1 1:S183 Abs 703Abdominal pressure:Total PrevalenceMedical prevalenceSurgical prevalenceIAP 1258%52.1%67%IAP 1529%27.6%25.2%IAP 20 plus organ failure6%9.3%4.1%*These data are for ALL sepsis patients.MUCH higher if you
15、 look only at major fluid resuscitation.休克休克 和和 液体复苏液体复苏患者的发病率？患者的发病率？Requeira,2007:脓毒性休克患者ACS的发病率.51%incidence of IAP 20 mm Hg in septic shock Daugherty,2007:ACS常见于ICU中需要大量液体复苏的患者.85%of patients with 5 liters positive fluid balance had IAH 30%had IAP 20 with organ failure(abdominal compartment synd
16、rome)临床判断临床判断IAPIAP升高的措施究竟有多少用处呢升高的措施究竟有多少用处呢?随机-双盲的研究结果:12 死亡率 38.8%无 IAH -死亡率:22.2%Malbrain,Crit Care Med,2005内外危重ICU患者 IAH/ACS 会影响患者结局吗?Al-Bahrani,2008:重症胰腺炎患者腹内高压的临床相关性.18例重症胰腺炎 7(39%)例 IAP 15(均超过 20)mm Hg:45%死亡率 平均ICU住院时间 21 days IAH/ACS 会影响患者结局吗?IAH 干预 会影响患者结局吗?Ivatury,J Trauma,1998:损伤控制后的ACS.
17、70 例检测 IAP 18 mm Hg(25 cm H2O)25 例手术后立即关腹:52%IAP 18 mm Hg 39%死亡-45 例 腹腔“开放”:22%IAP 18 mm Hg 10.6%死亡Sun,2006:爆发性胰腺炎持续腹腔引流与传统治疗.110 例爆发性胰腺炎-RCT 对照组:常规 ICU 治疗 实验组:常规治疗再加上 IAP监测(第一天平均 21 mm Hg)持续腹腔内引流(drain 1800 cc on day 1)结局:对照组-20.7%死亡,28天住院时间 实验组-10.0%死亡(p0.01),15 天住院时间 IAH 干预 会影响患者结局吗?Cheatham 2007
18、,积极管理IAH/ACS 提高存活率吗?Acta Clinica Belgica引入management protocol in 2005前后的比较:开腹率开腹率 from 28%to 15%(medical management)如果开腹减压,早期进行(不是发生ACS后)关腹天数从平均21天降至6天 初次成功关腹率从 1/3 to 2/3 机械通气天数降低 住院日从住院日从 28 天到 18 天 存活率从存活率从 51%到72%IAH 干预 会影响患者结局吗?Does IAH/ACS affect patient outcome?Points:IAH/ACS is common in the
19、 ICU environment(including yours).IAH and ACS increase morbidity,mortality and ICU length of stay.Early,protocol driven interventions improve outcomes without increasing cost of care(shorter ICU and hospital LOS)However:Clinical signs of IAH are unreliable and only show up late in the clinical cours
20、e.SO Early monitoring(TRENDING)&detection of IAH with early intervention is needed to obtain optimal outcomes.Intra-Abdominal Pressure Monitoring Intra-Abdominal Pressure Monitoring“The reference standard for intermittent IAP measurement is via the bladder with a maximal instillation volume of 25 ml
21、 sterile saline.”WSACS.org“Home Made”Pressure Transducer TechniqueHome-made assembly:Transducer 2 stopcocks 1 60 ml syringe,1 tubing with saline bag spike/luer connector 1 tubing with luer both ends 1 needle/angiocath Clamp for FoleyAssembled sterilely,used in proper fashion!“Home Made”Pressure Tran
22、sducer TechniquePROBLEMS:Home-made:No standardization-confidence problem with data Sterility issues-CAUTI no longer reimbursed Time consuming*therefor its use is late and infrequent due to the hassle factor(i.e.not monitoring-waiting for ACS)Data reproducibility errors -what are the costs/morbidity
23、of inaccurate or delayed information?Other:Needle stick,Recurrent penetration of sterile system,Leaks,re-zeroing problems,failure to trendFluid-Column ManometrySedrak 2002Problems:Failure to pay extreme attention to detail may lead to errors Siphon effect leads to false elevations Inadequate volume
24、of infusion will lead to falsely low measurementsCAUTI Risk-Need to infuse urine back into patientBladder Pressure Monitoring:How to do itCommercially available devices:Foley Manometer (Bladder manometer)CiMon(Gastric)Spiegelberg(Gastric)AbViser (Bladder transduction)IAP monitor (Bladder transductio
25、n)Advantages Simple,Standardized,Reproducible,Time efficient,SterileAbViser:Reproducibility Study051015202530FirstObserver051015202530SecondObserverInter-observer Scatterplot(r=0.95,p 50-60 mm Hg)Similar to Cerebral perfusion pressure APP=MAP-IAP NGT/Cathartics/Rectal tube/enemas Paralysis-Balance r
26、isk vs.benefit IAH/ACS Management:PositioningVasquez,2007IAH/ACS Management:ParalysisDe Waele,Crit Care Med 2003UOPIAPIAH/ACS Management:ColloidsOMara,2005:Prospective randomized evaluation of IAP with crystalloid and colloid resuscitation in burns 31 cases with 25%burn plus inhalation or 40%burn wi
27、thout inhalation Randomized to saline vs plasma Results post resuscitation:Crystalloid IAP mean 26.5 mm Hg Plasma IAP mean 10.6 mm HgIAH/ACS Management:HemofiltrationOda,2005:Management of IAH in patients with severe acute pancreatitis using continuous hemofiltration.17 cases of severe pancreatitis
28、and IAH Treated with hemofiltration when IAP+15 mm,PRIOR to developing renal insufficiency(maintained adequate serum oncotic pressure with albumin)Results:Interleukin(IL-6)cytokine levels cut in half Reduced vascular permeability and interstitial edema Mean IAP value dropped from 15 mm to less than
29、10 mm 16 of 17 patients discharged alive without complicationIAH/ACS Management:ParacentesisMultiple case series reporting successful treatment of IAH and ACS:Latenser 2002:Burn patient management Reckard 2005:Peripancreatic fluid filled mass Sharp 2002:Pediatric blunt trauma Etzion 2004:Malignant a
30、scites therapy Sun 2006:Pancreatitis(prospective RCT)Cut deaths in half,cut hospital LOS by 13 daysIAH/ACS ManagementDecompressive Laparotomy:Err on the side of early vs late intervention Less bowel edema or cell damage,better chance of early closure and early recovery.Be aware that delaying care un
31、til this complication occurs is VERY expensive more expensive the longer you wait:Vanderbilt costs for open abdomen(Vogel 2007):Same admission closure-$150,000 Failure to close on initial admission$250,000 (estimate nearly as much over next year by time ventral hernia finally repaired).IAH/ACS Manag
32、ement:Decompressive LaparotomyRigid Abdomen in ACS Post decompressive laparotomy Decompressive Laparotomy Delay in abdominal decompression may lead to intestinal ischemia Decompress Early!Decompressive LaparotomyPost-operative dressingSeveral days post-opNo such thing as an“Open Abdomen”in the ICU“O
33、pen Abdomen”Vac-pac dressing placed in OR.Now 6 hours post-op:MAP=70 HR=114 IAP=24 UOP 100 cc/hour PIP=30 cm H2ONo such thing as an“Open Abdomen”in the ICU 24 hours into ICU stay:Worsened bowel edema However:MAP=79 IAP=12 Lactate=1.9Note expansion of visceraSurgical Management of Compartment Syndrom
34、esCompartment Cranium ChestPericardiumLimbPathophysiologyICP elevationTension pneumothoraxCardiac tamponadeExtremity compartment syndromeSurgical Management Craniotomy,etc.Chest tube PericardiocentesisFasciotomyCompartment Syndromes versus Hypertension Abdominal compartment syndrome=Emergent Surgica
35、l Disease.Intra-abdominal hypertension=Urgent Medical Disease.Cost analysisIs IAP monitoring and intervention cost effective?Cost analysisCompartment syndrome risk comparison The Cranium:Fall,hit head,LOC,vomiting but alert Is it worth the cost of a head CT?(Standard of Care)Incidence is less than 5
36、%positive Less than 0.5%need any intervention The Abdomen:ICU patient with major fluid resuscitation(5 liters positive at 24 hours)Is it worth the cost of measuring their IAP?Incidence of IAH is 85%30%will have ACSCost analysis:Time dependent critical care interventions vs.lives saved Number needed
37、to treat to save one life:IAH/ACS aggressive protocol:3-10 EGDT for sepsis:6-8 Low volume ventilation:10 Xigris activated protein C:16 Thrombolytics or cardiac cath:37 tPA for stroke:100 tPA instead of streptokinase:111Cost analysis:IAP monitoring impact on resource utilization.Summary of Cheatham a
38、nd Sun data:Simplest and most conservative calculation is 10 to 13 days reduced hospital LOS with far higher survival rate.Assume low end of$1000-$2000/day savings:Save$10,000-$20,000 per patient with IAH who has early monitoring and protocol driven care.Open up ICU bed sooner Increase survivalCost
39、analysis:IAP monitoring impact on resource utilization.Other more difficult to quantify costs Opportunity costs(think waitress with a table)Longer ICU LOS leads to inability to admit another patient to that bed.ICU charges are far higher during first few days of admission so in terms of business,lon
40、g ICU LOS leads to losses in terms of new patient billing.Mortality costs Higher death rate without treatment leads to loss of that person from productive life in society.What is the economic value of a human life?What is a reasonable cost to save one life?Summary:Is IAP monitoring and intervention
41、cost effective?IAH is very common in fluid resuscitated patients IAH cannot be clinically detected IAH/ACS outcome is time dependent.Delayed detection/intervention consumes more resources Delayed detection/intervention results in higher mortality.Aggressive intervention leads to reduced costs with b
42、etter outcomes.So.Conclusion-Is IAP monitoring and intervention cost effective?The cost of monitoring intra-abdominal pressure-early and often-is far outweighed by the savings in clinician time,organ function,hospital days and lives saved.IAH monitoring and intervention protocolWSACS IAH/ACS Guideli
43、neswww.wsacs.org 2007Assessment algorithmManagement algorithmIAP monitoring algorithm Entry criteria defined in table Nurse is empowered to enter any patient fulfilling these criteriaFinal ThoughtDo NOT wait for signs of ACS to be present before you decide to check IAP By then the patient has one fo
44、ot in the grave!You have lost your opportunity for medical therapy The costs of saving this patient are now HUGEMonitor ALL high risk patients early and often:TREND IAP like a vital sign Intervene early,before critical pressure developsQuestions?IAH and ACS Educational Web sites:www.abdominal-compar
45、tment-syndrome.orgWSACS.orgMy email:Via Ferrata Tridentina-ItalyDoes IAH intervention affect patient outcome?Number needed to treat to save one life:Ivatury 1998(major trauma):3-4 Sun 2006(pancreatitis):10 Cheatham 2007(ACS):5 Length of stay impact of protocol driven care:Sun 2006(pancreatitis):13 day mean reduction Cheatham 2007(ACS):10 day mean reduction
