1、Page 1Contents of This Chapter I.About the Course II.Reference Books III.What is rhetoric?IV.Why do we learn rhetoric?Page 21.Optional course of English Major2.Teaching Objects:juniors of English Major3.Purpose:I.About the CourseuGeneral idea about English rhetoric a brief and interesting survey of
2、the history of rhetoric with emphasis on several major classical rhetoricians and their theories and applicationuCommunicative rhetoric the choice of words,the choice of sentences,paragraph and essay constructionuAesthetic rhetoric:figures of speech (phonetic,syntactic,semantic,logic)Page 3II.Refere
3、nce Books4.Assessment:Exam Total grades=30%of Regular Grades+70%of the Final Exam*Regular Grades consists of 15%of class attendance and 15%of class participation and assignments5.Text Book 张秀国：英语修辞学(English Rhetoric)，清华大学出版社、北京交通大 学出版社，2019 6.Reference Books:黄 任：英语修辞与写作，上海外语教育出版社，2019.胡曙中：现代英语修辞学，上海
4、外语教育出版社，2019年7月第1版，Page 4Rhetoric is power.Whoever does not study rhetoric will become a victim of it.-Ancient Greek wall inscriptionHistories make men wise;poets,witty;the mathematics,subtle;natural philosophy,deep,moral,grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend.-Francis BaconPage 5Plato and Aristot
5、leThe study of rhetoric goes back to ancient Greece,when speakers began to practice the art of persuasion in courts of law.The ancients realized that presentation is as important,or perhaps more important,as facts.III.What is rhetoric?Page 6 3.1 Origin of Western RhetoricIt is said that the“art of r
6、hetoric”originated in Syracuse锡拉库兹锡拉库兹(意大利西西里岛东部一港市意大利西西里岛东部一港市),a Greek colony on the island of Sicily,in about 465 B.C.When the dictators on the island were overthrown and democracy was established,people went to court to claim the ownership of the land which had been taken from them during the di
7、ctators reign.However,the Greek system required that citizens represent themselves in court instead of hiring attorneys to speak on their behalf as we can today.Therefore,the rhetoric came into being to“make the best possible case and to represent it persuasively to the jury”(Hu Shuzhong,2019:3).III
8、.What is rhetoric?Page 7SyracusePage 8as a verb:to speakas a noun:oratorIII.What is rhetoric?Page 9 Over the years the word“rhetoric”has taken on a wide range of meaning.Negative connotations:skillful,but often deceptive,eloquence a fraudulent practice to deal exclusively with language,rather than w
9、ith ideas formidable support from Socrates and Plato.In Gorgias(高尔吉亚篇,Plato criticized the rhetoricians,“The rhetorician need not know the truth about things;he has only to discover some way of persuading the ignorant that he has more knowledge than those who know.”III.What is rhetoric?Page 10Full n
10、ame PlatoBorn c.428427 BC AthenshensDied c.348347 BC(age approx 84)AthensSchool/tradition PlatonismMain interests：Rhetoric,Art,Literature,Epistemology,Justice,Virtue,Politics,Education,Family,MilitarismNotable ideas：Platonic realism（柏拉图式的现实主义和理想主义）ipistimldipistimldi i：【哲哲】认识论认识论 inzinz：(希腊首都希腊首都)雅典
11、；雅典；(作为文学、艺术中心而比喻为雅典的作为文学、艺术中心而比喻为雅典的)任一城市任一城市Plato and his idea about rhetoricPage 11 It is possible that in developing his own theory of knowledge,Plato coined the term rhetoric both to denounce what he saw as the false wisdom of the Sophists sfist,and to advance his own views on knowledge and met
12、hod.Platos animosity(仇恨仇恨)against the Sophists derives not only from their inflated claims to teach virtue and their reliance on appearances,but from the fact that his teacher,Socrates,was accused of being a Sophist and ultimately sentenced to death for his teaching.Plato and his idea about rhetoric
13、Page 12 苏格拉底之死1787 纽约大都会博物馆 法国新古典主义画家：雅克路易 大卫（Jacques Louis David)Page 13Positive connotations Historically,“rhetoric”had positive connotations,suggesting a commendable skill with words.Today rhetoric,as it was in history,is something that people have to resort to.Rhetoric is generally understood as
14、 a tool or a method.Its content is more concerned with the Hows of what people are talking about than the Whats of what people are talking about.As a tool,rhetoric is inherently neither good or bad.A deceitful person will use it to deceive and an ethical person will use it to make truth and justice
15、prevail.Page 14Page 15 1.Cold war diplomacy and rhetoric 2.As the clamor for basic skills continue to grow,it may be time for the fourth RRhetoricto reenter the classroom.3.Campaign promises have proved to be empty rhetoric.4.Despite their tough anti-American rhetoric,the government is privately try
16、ing to maintain good relations with the U.S.5.the rhetoric of filmDiscuss:Identify the different meanings of“rhetoric”in the following phrases/sentences:辞令辞令修辞学修辞学花言巧语花言巧语电影的修辞艺术电影的修辞艺术言论言论Page 161.4 Definitions of rhetoricThe word“rhetoric”has been defined differently.a.The study and practice of ef
17、fective communication.b.The study of the effects of texts on audiences.c.The art of persuasion.d.An insincere eloquence intended to win points and manipulate mnipjuleit others.Plato in his academyIII.What is rhetoric?Page 17 Rhetoric is the art of ruling the minds of men.“(Plato)Rhetoric may be defi
18、ned as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.“(Aristotle,Rhetoric)Rhetoric is the art of speaking well.“(Quintilian)eloquence to persuade their fellows of the truth of what they had discovered by reason (Cicero)Histories make men wise;poets,witty;the mathematic
19、s,subtle;natural philosophy,deep;moral,grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend.“(Francis Bacon)one of the leading figures in natural philosophy and in the field of scientific methodology in the period of transition from the Renaissance to the early modern era.a lawyer,member of Parliament,and Queen
20、s Counsel 读史使人明智，读诗使人聪慧，数学使人周密，自然哲学读史使人明智，读诗使人聪慧，数学使人周密，自然哲学使人深刻，伦理学使人有修养，逻辑修辞使人善辩使人深刻，伦理学使人有修养，逻辑修辞使人善辩.一种能在任何一个问题上找出可能说服方式的功能。一种能在任何一个问题上找出可能说服方式的功能。Definitions in the pastPage 18Definitions in dictionaries published in the twentieth century“the art of using language so as to persuade or influence
21、 others;the body of rules to be observed by a speaker or writer in order that he may express himself with eloquence”The Oxford English Dictionary,1933“the art or science of using words effectively in speaking or writing,especially of literary composition”Websters New World Dictionary of the American
22、 Language,1972“the art of persuasive or impressive speaking or writing;language designed to persuade or impress(but perhaps insincere or exaggerated)”The Concise Oxford Dictionary,1982“language used to persuade or influence people,especially by politicians;the art of speaking or writing to persuade
23、or influence people”Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,2019Page 193.5 Five assumptions by Erika Lindemann govern the use of the term“rhetoric”1)Rhetoric is both a field of humane study and a pragmatic art;that is,we can read about it as well as practice it.2)The practice of rhetoric must be
24、viewed as a culturally determined,interdisciplinary process.3)When we practice rhetoric,we use language,either spoken or written,to“induce cooperation”in an audience.4)The purpose of rhetoric,inducing cooperation,involves more than mere persuasion.5)Rhetoric implies choices,for both the speaker or w
25、riter and the audience or reader.(We select our best ideas,the best order in which to present them,and the best resources of language to express them.)Page 20Erika Lindemann -a composition specialist or a scholar in the discipline of composition studies.-a professor of English;a teacher of writing a
26、t the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill -a director of a university writing program;-an author of several books and numerous journal articles;-an editor of bibliographies and collections of essays;-a consultant for university writing programs;-a researcher into the history and practice of
27、composition Page 213.5 Schedule of the course教学章节教学内容学时安排备注1修辞学定义2 2西方修辞学简史2 4词语的选择2 5句子的选择4 7语音类修辞格4 8-9句法类修辞格6 10语义类修辞格6 11逻辑类修辞格4 考试2 Page 223.6 Classifications of rhetoric（1）Theoretical rhetoric（理论修辞）（理论修辞）and practical rhetoric（实践修辞）（实践修辞）:Theoretical rhetoric deals with theoretical problems of
28、 rhetoric;Practical rhetoric helps us improve our ability to use the English language effectively.（2）Communicative rhetoric（交际修辞）（交际修辞）and aesthetic rhetoric（美学修辞）（美学修辞）.Page 23u Communicative rhetoric:Emphasizes the choice of words and phrases,and selection of sentence patterns,organizing paragraph
29、s and whole pieces of writing in such a way that ideas are expressed more clearly,more accurately and more appropriately and the best results are achieved in communication.Rhetoric of words(the choice of words);Rhetoric of sentence(the choice of sentences);Rhetoric of paragraphs(the arrangement of p
30、aragraphs);Rhetoric of discouse(the discursive(推论的，论证的推论的，论证的)patterns)Page 24Choice of wordsUse suitable wordsGeneral words and specific wordsAbstract words and concrete wordsShort words and long wordsChoice of sentencesFunctional classificationGrammatical classificationRhetorical classificationSim
31、ple,compound,complex,Compound-complexDeclarative,interrogative,Imperative,exclamatoryLoose,periodic,balancedPage 25E.g.a:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上戴着戴着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。b:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上吊着吊着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。c:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上挂着挂着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。d:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上缀着缀着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。e:她的耳朵上她的耳朵上镶着镶着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。f:她的耳朵上她的耳朵
32、上摇着摇着两只金色的大耳环。两只金色的大耳环。We are very busy and have to be on time by taking school bus every day.We are awfully busy and have to be punctuate by shuttle bus every day.We are as busy as bees,and have to be accurate like a space shuttle as commuters every day.Page 26例如：在例如：在Elizabeth Razzi写的题为写的题为10 Ways
33、 to Lose Pounds 的文章中，的文章中，“减肥减肥”的表达竟有的表达竟有8种，文笔活泼，文采灿然：种，文笔活泼，文采灿然：1.Try to shed a few extra pounds?2.Studies show these efforts may shave off the pounds quickly.3.Here are ten simple strategies that can help melt away your fat forever.4.like a logical way to peel off a few pounds.5.roughly the amou
34、nt needed to burn off one pound.6.You must eat less to lose weight.7.A key obstacle to dropping extra pounds is after-dinner snacking.8.10 Ways to Lose Pounds.以上以上8句中的斜体字让我们欣赏了英语词汇的活力与风采。句中的斜体字让我们欣赏了英语词汇的活力与风采。Page 27One more example English offers a fascinating variety of words for many activities
35、and interests.When we say a man is walking,we can also say that a man is marching,pacing,patrolling,stalking,striding,treading,tramping,stepping out,prancing,strutting,prowling,plodding,strolling,shuffling,staggering,sidling,trudging,toddling,rambling,roaming,sauntering,meandering,lounging,loitering
36、,or creeping.But each of them conveys to us a slightly different meaning.No matter which word we use,it should match our thought and suit to the occasion.Page 28 stalk:高视阔步高视阔步,大踏步走大踏步走 stride:大踏步走大踏步走;跨过跨过 tread:步行于步行于,在在上走上走;踩踩(烂烂),践踏践踏 trudge trd trd :v.沉重地走沉重地走,蹒跚地走蹒跚地走 prance pr:ns pr:ns v.腾跃腾跃
37、,欢跃欢跃,昂首阔步昂首阔步 shuffle fl:拖曳拖曳,慢吞吞地走慢吞吞地走 Sidle saidl:v.(偷偷地偷偷地)侧身而行侧身而行 saunter s:nt:v.闲逛闲逛,漫步漫步 lounge laund:v.闲荡闲荡,懒洋洋地躺卧懒洋洋地躺卧 loiter lit:v.闲荡闲荡,虚度虚度,徘徊徘徊 creep kri:p:v.爬爬,徐行徐行,蠕动蠕动Page 291.The drunkard staggered（蹒跚）from the coffee shop and clung to a lamp-post.2.The hikers reached the town afte
38、r a long walk and plodded（重步行走）wearily to the hotel.3.The man whose wife was expecting the first baby was pacing（踱步）nervously up and down the hospital corridor.4.After class,the children did not go home direct but loitered（游荡）on the way.5.The manager strode（大步走）into the office and asked who was late
39、 for work.6.The puppy strayed（迷途）from its home and was completely lost.7.The cock is strutting（昂头阔步）up and down the farmyard.8.After dinner,I went rambling（漫步）in the park.9.The thief has been lurking（潜行）in a corner for his unsuspecting victims.10.Not wishing to be noticed,the boy crept（爬行）downstairs
40、.Page 30 11.At the weekend,Tom and his friends went strolling（闲逛）in the town.12.In her hurry,the maid stumbled（绊倒）and fell flat on the floor.13.The farmer trudged（艰难地走）home with his hoe.14.The mountaineers scrambled（攀爬）up the hill side.15.The car lurched（摇摆不定）forward across the grass.16.With one leg
41、 hurt,John limped（跛行）home.17.Beasts come out to prowl（四处觅食）after their prey at night.18.Before babies can walk,they crawl（爬行）.19.The victorious army marched（迈进）into the conquered city.20.The pedestrians rushed（快步走）here and there in the rain.Page 31笑的种种说法笑的种种说法:Laugh最广泛的使用Laugh foolishly傻笑Laugh griml
42、y狞笑Laugh hystericallyhisterikli 歇斯底里地笑Laugh maliciously不怀好意地笑Laugh lightly轻松地笑Giggle音调高或尖声地笑,常指儿童或女孩咯咯笑The girls whispered and giggled together.Chuckle轻笑,暗笑,常用比喻意义,指觉得满意He was chuckling to himself over what he was reading.He must be chuckling at his success.Grin指露齿而笑He grinned broadly at me.Guffaw放声
43、大笑,哄笑 The company guffawed at the silly answer.beam笑逐颜开Her face beamed with joy.Smile 微笑,反义词frownHe smiled to see the children play.laugh,giggle,chuckle,grin,guffaw,beam,smilePage 32uAesthetic rhetoric:Figures of speechPhonetic figures of speech(sounds);Syntactic figures of speech(structures);Semant
44、ic figures of speech(meanings)Logical figures of speech(reason)Alliteration,assonance,consonance,onomatopoeia,Repetition,anaphora,parallelism,antithesis,Climax,anticlimax,rhetorical question,Simile,metaphor,metonymy,synecdoche,Allegory,allusion,hyperbole,understatement,Irony,oxymoron,Page 33Examples
45、 Abraham:You can fool all the people some of the time,and some of the people all the time,but you can not fool all the people all of the time.We want to establish a government of the people,by the people,for the people.交错配列法交错配列法Chiasmus排比；尾语重复排比；尾语重复Page 34 Kennedy:Dont ask what our country can do
46、for you,just ask what you can do for your country.Richard Nixon:Our destiny offers not the cup of despair,but the chalice(杯)of opportunity.命运给予我们的不是失望之酒，而是机会之杯。对偶对偶暗喻；对偶暗喻；对偶Page 35 Caesar:I came,I saw,I conquered.We eat to live,not live to eat.Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and
47、some few to be chewed and digested.Reading maketh a full man,conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.读书使人渊博,交谈使人机敏,写作使人严谨。排比；首语重复排比；首语重复交错配列法交错配列法Chiasmus排比；层进排比；层进Climax排比；层进排比；层进ClimaxPage 36人类失去联想联想，世界将会怎样？新飞广告做得好，好，不如新飞冰箱好好。The choice is yours.The honor is ours.No business too small.No p
48、roblem too big.It provides you with beauty.It provides you with joy.It provides you with love.It provides you with fun.East is east and west is west,but Browns meat is best.仿拟仿拟排比排比押尾韵；对偶押尾韵；对偶押尾韵；对偶押尾韵；对偶双关双关对偶对偶Page 37Publish or Perish?Pride and prejudice/Sense and sensibilitySound and safeTo smok
49、e or not to smoke,thats the question.屡战屡败屡战屡败-屡败屡战屡败屡战周恩来的外交辞令：周恩来的外交辞令：押头韵押头韵押头韵押头韵押头韵押头韵仿拟仿拟交错配列法交错配列法Chiasmus 一样的话几样的说：会说的说得你笑，一样的话几样的说：会说的说得你笑，不会说的说得你跳。不会说的说得你跳。Page 383.7 Difference between Grammar and Rhetoric 1.Grammar will tell you such things as where words can go and where they cannot;It w
50、ill distinguish an acceptable sentence from an unacceptable one.It deals with matters of right or wrong,whereas rhetoric speaks in terms of better or worse.2.In the vast majority of cases,it is easy to judge whether a sentence is grammatical or not.It is far harder to say whether one version of a te
