1、 第一节第一节 内分泌学概述内分泌学概述Section 1 The Overview of Endocrinology 一、内分泌学的基本概念 一、Basic concepts of Endocrinology(一一)内分泌（内分泌（endocrine）：腺体或组织细胞分泌一种或多种生物活性物质，这）：腺体或组织细胞分泌一种或多种生物活性物质，这些物质在局部或通过血液运输，到达某一激素敏感的靶器官或靶组织，调节些物质在局部或通过血液运输，到达某一激素敏感的靶器官或靶组织，调节其分泌或代谢功能，这种现象称为内分泌。其分泌或代谢功能，这种现象称为内分泌。It s a phenomena that
2、one or more biologically active substances which released from endocrine tissue or glands into the bloodstream that attach to target tissue and regulate many functions of secretion or metabolism.n内分泌学（内分泌学（endocrinology）：研究内分泌现象及其本质的科学。）：研究内分泌现象及其本质的科学。nIts a science of studying the phenomena and es
3、sence of endocrine。第一章 家畜生殖内分泌学Chapter1 Reproductive endocrinology in domestic animals细胞外信息传递的方式共细胞外信息传递的方式共6类类There are six modes of Intercellular communication.(1)内分泌内分泌:经血液循环传递。大多数激素以这种方式传播。(1)Endocrine:The hormones transmit through the blood circulation.Most hormones spread in this way.(2)旁分泌旁分泌
4、：经组织液直接作用于邻近的细胞(2)Paracrine:The hormones directly act on the adjacent cells.（3）自分泌自分泌:作用于分泌细胞自身(3)Autocrine:The hormones are released and act on the cell that secreted them(4)近分泌或并置分泌近分泌或并置分泌：需要细胞与细胞的接触。膜结合细胞因子与邻近细胞（靶细胞）的受体相作用(4)Juxtacrine:Involving specific cell-to-cell contacts.The interaction of
5、membrane-bound forms with their receptors on an adjacent cell（5）胞内分泌胞内分泌：某些细胞因子分泌后很快内化，与其自身内部受体作用 (5)Intracrine:Steroid hormones act through intracellular receptors,and hormones act within the cell that produces them（6）逆分泌逆分泌：可溶性受体与远端靶细胞上正常分泌的膜结合细胞因子相互作用 (6)Rertocrine:soluble forms of receptors that
6、 are normally a component of the cell surface membrane interact with distant target cells by binding to membrane-bound forms of cytokines自分泌、旁分泌与内分泌自分泌、旁分泌与内分泌Autocrine、Paracrine and Endocrine内分泌与外分泌的比较内分泌与外分泌的比较The comparation of Endocrine and Extrocrine乳 腺、汗 腺 等导 管腺 细 胞激 素腺 细 胞血 流表 皮a 内 分 泌 腺b 外 分
7、 泌 腺Endocrine glandsExcrine glandshormonegland cellgland cellbloodstreamcatheter epidermis mammary glandsweat gland 二、内分泌系统的主要生理作用及其调节二、二、The main physiological action and regulation of endocrine systemn（一）内分泌系统的生理作用（一）内分泌系统的生理作用n (一)The physiological action of endocrine systemn1.保证机体内环境的相对稳定保证机体内环境
8、的相对稳定n1.Maintenance of the internal environment in the body n(1)控制消化道运动及消化腺的分泌控制消化道运动及消化腺的分泌n(1)Regulate the digestive movement and the secretion of digestive glandsn(2)控制能量产生控制能量产生n(2)Regulate the produce of energyn(3)控制细胞外液的组成和容量控制细胞外液的组成和容量n(3)Regulate the composition and capacity of extracellula
9、r fluid n2.调节机体与外界环境的相对平衡调节机体与外界环境的相对平衡n2.Regulate the relative balance of organism and external environment n3.调节生殖功能调节生殖功能n3.Regulate the Reproductive functionsn(二二)内分泌系统的调节作用内分泌系统的调节作用n(二二)The regulating action of endocrine systemn1.内分泌腺功能的相互调节内分泌腺功能的相互调节n1.The mutual regulate of Endocrine action
10、 n2.神经系统和内分泌系统的相互调节神经系统和内分泌系统的相互调节n2.The mutual regulate of nervous system and endocrine systemn3.神经系统神经系统-内分泌系统内分泌系统-体液之间的相互调节体液之间的相互调节n3.The mutual regulate of nervous system、endocrine system and body fluidn4.神经神经-内分泌内分泌-免疫调节网络免疫调节网络n4.Nerve-endocrine-immune regulation network 三、激素作用的特点三、三、The cha
11、racteristics of hormone action（一）激素作用的基本特点（一）激素作用的基本特点(一一)The basic characteristics of hormone action n特异性特异性 Specificityn高效性高效性 High efficiencyn协同性与颉颃性协同性与颉颃性 Cooperativity and Antagonistic n复杂性复杂性 complexity n（1）一种激素多种作用；）一种激素多种作用；n (1)One hormone may trigger multiple responses （2）一种功能多种激素）一种功能多种激
12、素 (2)One physiological process may be controlled by many different hormones（二）（二）受体与激素作用受体与激素作用 (二二)Hormone receptorsn1.受体的基本特性受体的基本特性 The basic characteristics of Receptorn识别和结合识别和结合 受体某一部分的立体构象具有高度选择性，能准确识别并受体某一部分的立体构象具有高度选择性，能准确识别并特异性结合某些立体特异性配体，这种特定结合部位也称为受点特异性结合某些立体特异性配体，这种特定结合部位也称为受点（receptor
13、site）。单一细胞可能存在不同类型的受体。配体指细胞外）。单一细胞可能存在不同类型的受体。配体指细胞外信息物质或称为第一信使，如激素。能激活受体的配体称为激动剂信息物质或称为第一信使，如激素。能激活受体的配体称为激动剂（agonist），能抑制受体活性的配体称为颉颃剂（），能抑制受体活性的配体称为颉颃剂（antagonist）。）。nRecognition and combine:A certain part of the three-dimensional conformation of receptors have highly selective,which can help accu
14、rately identify and specificity combined ligands,those particular combine part called receptor site.Single cell may exist different types of receptors.Ligands are the extracellular information substances or called first messenger,such as hormones.Ligands which can activate the receptor called agonis
15、ts,can restrain receptors activity called antagonist.n传导信号传导信号 第一信使与受体相互作用产生的信号，通过第二信使将获第一信使与受体相互作用产生的信号，通过第二信使将获得的信息增强、分化、整合并传递给后续的效应机制。得的信息增强、分化、整合并传递给后续的效应机制。nConduct signals:The signals produced from the interaction of first messenger and receptors,through the second messenger will be enhanced,d
16、ifferentiation,integrated and passed to the subsequent effect mechanism.n产生相应的生理效应产生相应的生理效应 依每种激素的不同，产生的生理效应也不相同依每种激素的不同，产生的生理效应也不相同n Produce the corresponding physiological effect:n Different hormones will produce different physiological effects.n特异性特异性 一种特定的受体，只与其特定配体结合而产生特定效应。一种特定的受体，只与其特定配体结合而产生
17、特定效应。nspecificity:A specific receptor,only combining with a particular ligand can produce certain effect.n饱和性饱和性 配体与受体达到最大结合后，不再随配体浓度增高而加大。配体与受体达到最大结合后，不再随配体浓度增高而加大。nsaturability:When the combination of ligands and receptors reach maximum,it will not increasing with the density of ligands.n组织特异性组织特异
18、性 以不同密度存在于靶细胞的不同区域。以不同密度存在于靶细胞的不同区域。nOrganization specificity:With different density exists in different areas of the target cells.n高亲和性高亲和性 配体的表观解离常数配体的表观解离常数KdKd值应在值应在1010-9-91010-12-12 mol mol之间。之间。nHigh affinity:The Kd of ligands ranges from 10-9 to 10-12 Molar n结合可逆性结合可逆性 配体与受体的复合物可以解离，也可被其他配体置
19、换。配体与受体的复合物可以解离，也可被其他配体置换。nCombining reversibility:The interaction is reversible and how easily the hormone is displaced from the receptor is a quantitation of its affinity.2.激素及其受体激素及其受体2.Hormones and their receptorsHormoneClass of hormoneLocation ofreceptorAmine(epinephrine)肾上腺素Water-solubleCell s
20、urfaceAmine(thyroid hormone)Lipid solubleIntracellularPeptide/proteinWater solubleCell surfaceSteroids and Vitamin DLipid SolubleIntracellular四、激素的分类及转运方式四、四、The classification and transfer mode of hormones n（一）激素的分类（一）激素的分类n (一一)The classification of hormones 根据化学性质不同可分为根据化学性质不同可分为3类：类：含氮激素（蛋白质、多肽含
21、氮激素（蛋白质、多肽、胺类激素、胺类激素）；）；类固醇激素（甾体激素）；脂肪酸激素类固醇激素（甾体激素）；脂肪酸激素。nAccording to the chemical properties,hormones can be divided into three groups:Nitrogen hormone(protein、polypeptide、Amines);Steroid hormones;Fatty acid hormone.根据产生部位不同可分为根据产生部位不同可分为8类：类：松果腺激素；丘脑下部激素；垂体前叶激素；松果腺激素；丘脑下部激素；垂体前叶激素；胎盘激素；性腺激素；神经垂
22、体（垂体后叶）激素；局部激素；外激素胎盘激素；性腺激素；神经垂体（垂体后叶）激素；局部激素；外激素According to generate position,hormones can be divided into eight groups:Pineal hormone;Hypothalamic Hormones;Anterior pituitary hormone;Placental hormones;Gonadal hormones;Neurohypophysis(posterior pituitary)hormones;Topical hormones;Pheromone Choles
23、terol胆固醇Pregnenolone孕烯醇酮n（二）激素的转运方式（二）激素的转运方式n (二二)The transfer mode of hormones1.含氮激素：含氮激素：产生后常贮存于该腺体内产生后常贮存于该腺体内,当机体需要时，分泌到邻近的毛细血管中。当机体需要时，分泌到邻近的毛细血管中。1.Nitrogen hormones:The hormones stored in the glands which produced them.When the body is needed,the hormones will secrete into neighboring capill
24、aries.2.类固醇激素：类固醇激素：产生后立即释放产生后立即释放,并不贮存。并不贮存。2.Steroid hormones:The hormones released immediately after produce,and didnt stored in the glands.3.脂肪酸类激素：脂肪酸类激素：只有前列腺素。当机体需要时只有前列腺素。当机体需要时,边分泌边应用，并不贮存。边分泌边应用，并不贮存。3.Fatty acid hormone:Only including Prostaglandin.When the body is needed,the hormones wil
25、l be used along of its produce,and didnt stored in the glands.生殖激素概念生殖激素概念The concept of Reproductive Hormone n直接影响动物生殖机能的激素称为生殖激素直接影响动物生殖机能的激素称为生殖激素。nHormones which directly affects the function of animal reproductive called reproductive hormone.n调节调节(regulation)：母畜：发情、排卵、生殖细胞在生殖道内的运行、胚胎附植、怀孕、分母畜：发
26、情、排卵、生殖细胞在生殖道内的运行、胚胎附植、怀孕、分娩、泌乳、母性、以及生殖器官发育；娩、泌乳、母性、以及生殖器官发育；In female animals:it can regulate estrus,ovulation,the running of germ cells in genital meatus,embryo implantation,pregnancy,parturition,lactation,maternal,and the development of reproductive organs;公畜：精子的生成、副性腺分泌、性欲、生殖器官发育。公畜：精子的生成、副性腺分泌、
27、性欲、生殖器官发育。In male animals:it can regulate sperm production,vice gonad secretion,libido and the development of reproductive organs.第二节第二节 生殖激素生殖激素 Section 2 Reproductive Hormone 一、松果体激素一、松果体激素一、Pineal hormonen松果腺内存在三类激素：松果腺内存在三类激素：nIn the pineal,exist three types of hormone n第一类为吲哚类，主要有第一类为吲哚类，主要有MLT
28、MLT、5-HT5-HT和和5-5-甲氧色胺等；甲氧色胺等；nThe first type of hormone is indole,including MLT,5-HT and 5-Methoxytryptamine.n第二类为肽类，如第二类为肽类，如8-8-精加催产素（精加催产素（AVTAVT）、）、8-8-赖加催产素赖加催产素（LVTLVT）、）、GnRHGnRH及及TRHTRH等；等；nThe second type of hormone is peptide,including AVT,LVT,GnRH and TRH.n第三类为第三类为PGsPGsnThe third type o
29、f hormone is PGs.褪黑素褪黑素(melatonin)MLT(melatonin)MLTn19581958年由利勒尔（年由利勒尔（LernerLerner）首次从牛松果腺中分离出来，其结构）首次从牛松果腺中分离出来，其结构为：为：5-5-甲氧基甲氧基-N-N-乙酰色胺，属吲哚类。乙酰色胺，属吲哚类。nMelatonin first isolated from cattle pineal in 1958,its chemically structure is:N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine,belonging to indole.n生理作用：生理作用：ph
30、ysiological action:n（1 1）可使皮肤褪色；）可使皮肤褪色；n (1)(1)Melatonin can make skin fade n（2 2）抗性腺、抗甲状腺、抗肿瘤；）抗性腺、抗甲状腺、抗肿瘤；n (2)Melatonin have functions of anti gonad,anti thyroid and antitumor.n（3 3）镇静、镇痛、应激、睡眠、调节生物节律、增强免疫力。）镇静、镇痛、应激、睡眠、调节生物节律、增强免疫力。n (3)(3)Melatonin have functions of calm,analgesic,stress,slee
31、p,adjust biothythm and enhance immunity.n分泌调节：分泌调节：黑暗刺激合成，光照抑制释放。因此，随光照条件昼黑暗刺激合成，光照抑制释放。因此，随光照条件昼夜波动，黑暗高、白天低。夜波动，黑暗高、白天低。nSecretion regulation:darkness can stimulating the synthesis of melatonin,but illumination restrained its release.Therefore,with the fluctuation of Illumination condition day and
32、night,the content of melatonin is high in darkness,low in daytime.n靶细胞：靶细胞：垂体促性腺细胞。垂体促性腺细胞。nTarget cells:Pituitary gonadotrophic cells n作用机理：作用机理：对抗性腺的作用就是通过抑制垂体促性腺细胞对促性对抗性腺的作用就是通过抑制垂体促性腺细胞对促性腺激素释放的应答来实现。腺激素释放的应答来实现。nMechanism:The function of against gonad is realized by restraining the response of
33、pituitary gonadotrophic cells to gonadotrophic.n松果腺激素的临床意义松果腺激素的临床意义nClinical significance of Pineal hormonen1.1.调节繁殖季节：调节繁殖季节：这与日照的长度有关这与日照的长度有关-表现松果体对性腺功能的表现松果体对性腺功能的季节性抑制作用。人类可以通过控制光照，来调节动物的性活动周期，季节性抑制作用。人类可以通过控制光照，来调节动物的性活动周期，引发母畜发情。引发母畜发情。n1.Ragulate breeding season:This relate to the length of
34、 sunshine,displaying in the seasonal restrain of pineal gland to the gonad.Humans can through controlling the illumination,to adjust the animals sexual activity cycle and trigger dams estrus.n2.2.治疗神经系统疾病：治疗神经系统疾病：MLTMLT可加强中枢抑制过程，来治疗神经兴奋性疾可加强中枢抑制过程，来治疗神经兴奋性疾病。病。n2.Cure diseases of nervous system:MLT
35、 can strengthen the central inhibition process,to cure nervous excitatory disease 二、丘脑下部激素二、Hypothalamic Hormonesn丘脑下部是间脑的一部分，位于间脑之下，并构成第三脑室的一部分丘脑下部是间脑的一部分，位于间脑之下，并构成第三脑室的一部分及其底及其底部。主要包括部。主要包括视交叉、灰结节、乳头体、正中隆起、漏斗及垂视交叉、灰结节、乳头体、正中隆起、漏斗及垂体神经部体神经部6部分。部分。nThe hypothalamus occupies only a very small portio
36、n of the brain.It consists of the region of the third ventricle,extending from the optic chiasma to the mammillary bodies.n丘脑下部与垂体前叶（腺垂体）的激素传递是通过丘脑下部丘脑下部与垂体前叶（腺垂体）的激素传递是通过丘脑下部-垂体门垂体门脉系统进行的。脉系统进行的。nthe hormone delivery of Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis),is accomplished through th
37、e hypothalamus-pituitary portal system.n丘脑下部激素有：丘脑下部激素有：GnRH、PRF及及PIF等。等。nThe Hypothalamic Hormones including GnRH、PRF and PIF.GnRHn英文：英文：GonadotropinGonadotropin releasing hormone releasing hormonen包括包括：includingincludingn促黄体素释放激素（促黄体素释放激素（LRHLRH），促卵泡素释放激素（），促卵泡素释放激素（FSHRHFSHRH）因此，在生理功能上既有因此，在生理功能上
38、既有LRHLRH样作用，又有样作用，又有FSHRHFSHRH样作用，但样作用，但以以LRHLRH样作用为主。样作用为主。Thus,GnRH have the function of both LRH and FSHRH,mainly is LRH.1.1.化学结构化学结构 1010肽：焦谷肽：焦谷-组组色色丝丝-酪酪-甘甘-亮亮-精精-脯脯-甘氨酰胺甘氨酰胺1.Chemical structure GnRH is a decapeptide(10 amino acids)：pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2.生理作用及临床应用2.Physi
39、ological action and its clinical application n刺激垂体前叶释放促黄体素和促卵泡素，主要为促黄体素。刺激垂体前叶释放促黄体素和促卵泡素，主要为促黄体素。nStimulating anterior pituitary to release luteinizing hormone(LH)and follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),mainly is luteinizing hormone(LH).n促进排卵促进排卵 Promote ovulation n对雄性，促进精子的形成对雄性，促进精子的形成nTo male,can
40、promote the formation of sperm n对家禽可提高产蛋率对家禽可提高产蛋率nTo poultry,Can improve the rate egg laying.3.分泌调节 Secretion regulation 既受高级神经中枢的控制，又受生殖激素的反馈调节。既受高级神经中枢的控制，又受生殖激素的反馈调节。GnRH is affected by the advanced nerve system and the feedback regulation of reproductive hormone.n神经调节：神经调节：去甲肾上腺素能促进去甲肾上腺素能促进LRH
41、释放释放,5-羟色胺抑制羟色胺抑制LRH的释放。的释放。nnervous regulation:Phenylephrine can promote the release of LRH,serotonin inhibit the release of LRH.n反馈调节：反馈调节：长反馈、短反馈和超短反馈三套反馈调节机理。长反馈、短反馈和超短反馈三套反馈调节机理。nfeedback regulation:including long feedback,short feedback and ultra-short feedback.n临床制品：临床制品：促排卵素促排卵素3号号、促排卵素、促排卵素
42、2号号nClinical Products:LRH-A3、LRH-A2.三、促性腺激素三、Gonadotropic hormone n垂体包括：垂体包括：垂体前叶（腺垂体）和垂体后叶（神经垂体）垂体前叶（腺垂体）和垂体后叶（神经垂体）nPituitary including anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis)and posterior pituitary(neurohypophysis)n垂体前叶分泌：垂体前叶分泌：Anterior pituitary can release:Prolactin(PRL),Growth hormone(GH),Thyroid
43、 stimulating hormone(TSH),Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)肾上腺皮质激素肾上腺皮质激素,Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),Luteinizing hormone/Interstitial cell stimulating hormone 间质细胞剌激素间质细胞剌激素(LH/ICSH).n垂体后叶分泌：垂体后叶分泌：OT nPosterior pituitary can relesse:OT（一）垂体前叶促性腺激素（一）垂体前叶促性腺激素 (一一)Anterior pituitary gonadotro
44、pic hormone 1.1.促卵泡素促卵泡素 FSHFSHn英文：英文：Follicle stimulating hormoneFollicle stimulating hormone（1 1）化学性质：）化学性质：糖蛋白糖蛋白 (1)Chemical Properties:glycoprotein（2 2）半衰期：）半衰期：血浆中半衰期为血浆中半衰期为6 6小时小时 (2)half-life period:in plasma,the half-life period is six hours.（3）主要生理作用 (3)The main physiological action n剌激卵泡
45、的生长发育剌激卵泡的生长发育:H+R:H+R作用作用nStimulating the growth of follicles.n当卵泡生长出现一个空腔时，能刺激它继续发育至接近成当卵泡生长出现一个空腔时，能刺激它继续发育至接近成熟，并刺激分泌雌激素；熟，并刺激分泌雌激素；nWhen follicular growing emerge a cavity,can stimulate the growth of follicles to maturity and release estrogen.n当血液中当血液中FSHFSH和和LHLH达到一定浓度，且成一定比例时，引起达到一定浓度，且成一定比例时
46、，引起排卵；排卵；nWhen the blood FSH and LH reaches a certain concentration,and a certain proportion,can induces ovulation.n剌激卵巢生长剌激卵巢生长,增加卵巢重量增加卵巢重量nStimulating the growth of ovarian and increasing the weight of ovariann在公畜在公畜,刺激细精管上皮和次级精母细胞发育，并在促间质细胞素刺激细精管上皮和次级精母细胞发育，并在促间质细胞素的协同下，使精子发育完成。的协同下，使精子发育完成。nIn
47、male animals,it can stimulating the development of seminiferous epithelium and secondary spermatocyte,and completing the development of sperm with the synergy of inter-stitial cell-stimulating hormone.n在在LHLH和雄激素的协同作用下和雄激素的协同作用下,使精子发育成熟。使精子发育成熟。nWith the synergy of LH and androgen,can made sperm mat
48、uration.n能促使足细胞中精细胞的释放。能促使足细胞中精细胞的释放。nCan prompt the release of sperm cells in podocyte（4）分泌调节(4)Secretion regulationn上级激素的调节：丘脑下部激素上级激素的调节：丘脑下部激素GnRH的调节的调节FSHnSuperior hormone regulation:the regulation of hypothalamic hormones(GnRH)FSHn受性腺激素的反馈调节：雌激素和孕激素的反馈受性腺激素的反馈调节：雌激素和孕激素的反馈抑制。抑制。nThe feedback r
49、egulation of gonadal hormone:the feedback inhibition of estrogen and progestin.2.2.促黄体素促黄体素 LHLHn英文：英文：Luteinizing hormoneLuteinizing hormonen别名：别名：公畜称促间质细胞素公畜称促间质细胞素(Inter-stitial cell-stimulating hormone,ICSH)(1)(1)化学结构：化学结构：糖蛋白糖蛋白(1)Chemical structure:glycoprotein(2)(2)半衰期：半衰期：约约7070分钟分钟(2)half-l
50、ife period:the half-life period is 70 min.(3)生理作用 Physiological action n对母畜：对母畜：协同协同FSHFSH促使卵泡发育、并最后成熟；在促使卵泡发育、并最后成熟；在FSHFSH和和LHLH达到达到一定比例时，导致排卵，对排卵起主要作用；一定比例时，导致排卵，对排卵起主要作用；nIn female animals，with the synergy of FSH，LH can prompted the development and mature of follicles;when the FSH and LH reaches
