1、2016改革后新专业四级英语写作开头技巧改革后新专业四级英语写作开头技巧内容摘要：内容摘要：写作新题型考的是summary+comment。这种题型看似新颖，其实更加简单,明显不同的是开头需要summarize。Comment部分不一定要写考生自己的观点，完全可以摘取阅读材料中现成的观点稍作展开。这样考生至少从头到尾不愁“无话可说”。“Read carefully the opinions from both sides and give your view on the issue.”新样题中的“阅读材料”由原来的一段话变成了对某个issue的正反双方鲜明对立的几段文字，并且题目明确要求考生
2、先summarize briefly。summary应该用原文四分之一的文字表达原文的主要观点。新专四的样题阅读材料原文一般200词左右，这样概述以后大概保留80字左右。对于一篇总共200字左右的考试作文，这样的开头会让整体结构不太匀称，因此也可以稍微再做压缩到50-60。In recent years,traditional printed newspaper has faced a serious challenge.The Christian Science Monitor became the first national newspaper to shut down its prin
3、t edition,and recently,the world famous magazine Newsweek announced that it would soon cease publishing on paper and shift to an online-only format.Will the printed newspaper one day be replaced by online newspaper?Some believe so while many still hold an optimistic view on the future of traditional
4、 newspaper.Read carefully the opinions from both sides and write your response in about 200 words,in which you should first summarize briefly the opinions from both sides and give your views on the issue.EXERCISE 1Traditional characters,which date back to more than 2000 years ago,have a more beautif
5、ul appearance and a more reasonable structure.Traditional characters make more sense convey traditional values and can therefore represent traditional culture.For two millennia,Chinese historical records and classic works were written in traditional characters.To be able to read them and inherit tra
6、ditional culture,we need to bring traditional characters back.Politically,it is also necessary to restore traditional Chinese characters.Currently,traditional characters are still in use in Hong Kong,Taiwan and many Chinese communities around the world.Restoring them can contribute to c r o s s-s t
7、r a i t s e x c h a n g e s a n d n a t i o n a l reunification and unite Chinese people around the world.YESIn todays world efficiency matters most.Traditional characters,which usually have more strokes than simplified ones,are more difficult to learn.By contrast,simplified characters are much easi
8、er to learn and use.Over the past 50 years,lots of classic texts have been turned into simplified character versions,which means simplified characters can also promote and preserve traditional culture.Constant simplification has been a trend in the evolution of Chinese characters.From the oracle bon
9、es script of 3000 years ago to traditional characters,the C h i n e s e w r i t i n g s y s t e m h a s a l w a y s been slimming down for better communication.NOMarks will be awarded for content relevance,content sufficiency,organization and language quality.Failure to follow the above instructions
10、 may result in a loss of marks.找出对立双方的主要论点找出对立双方的主要论点感觉有难度，简单的办法是用句子代替词组（注意尽量不感觉有难度，简单的办法是用句子代替词组（注意尽量不要照抄原文）；实在感觉个别观点有难度还可以忽略要照抄原文）；实在感觉个别观点有难度还可以忽略When it comes to simplified Chinese characters(或When it comes to whether we should revive traditional Chinese characters),peoples views vary from one t
11、o another.Some claim that we should adopt the policy for aesthetical,cultural and aesthetical,cultural and political benefitspolitical benefits.Others,however,contend that simplified versions are better choice because they are easier to learn,slimmer for better easier to learn,slimmer for better com
12、munication and also helpful to preserve communication and also helpful to preserve traditional culturetraditional culture.From my perspective,it is wise to choose traditional/simplified versions for the following reasons.YESThe new media,such as the Internet and mobile phone applications,have exerte
13、d a great influence on peoples life.Online newspaper is fast,instant,and convenient,while the printed newspaper often responds slowly to the latest news.People are now used to reading online newspaper on their smart phones,and no one has the patience of waiting for the printed newspaper.Online newsp
14、aper is also environment-friendly,which is in accord with the trend of saving energy in todays world.The printed newspaper consumes a large number of natural resources,and will,in the long term,be gradually replaced.The multiple services,such as posting comments and finding related news through the
15、links provided by online newspaper have greatly enriched peoples reading experiences and knowledge.Traditional newspaper can hardly compete in this sense.EXERCISE 2NOThere are still a large number of people in the world who have no access to the Internet.For these people,printed newspaper is an impo
16、rtant way to know about the latest events at home and abroad.Although the printed newspaper cannot be as fast-responding as the online newspaper,it still can provide many in-depth reports and analytical articles for readers.Many column writers are invited to write special feature reports for the pri
17、nted newspaper.Online newspaper,on the other hand,is only suitable for fast reading.Many readers prefer to read the printed newspaper for they do not like staring at the computer or cell phone screen.Printed newspaper is also preferred by the elderly people.难以抗拒的网络报纸潮流难以抗拒的网络报纸潮流审题思路审题思路:本题讨论的是在网络媒体
18、的冲击下，传统报纸是否会被网络报纸所取代。在具体行文方面，应首先根据材料简要概括正反两方的观点：正方认为网络报纸优势明显，反方则认为纸质报纸仍然有存在的理由。然后提出自己的观点：纸质报纸最终会消失，并给出论据。最后总结全文，重申观点。With the advent of information technology,the traditional media are pushed to the corner and are struggling to survive.Surprisingly,not all people are hailing the birth of online vers
19、ion news.Some people believe that traditional printed newspaper is irreplaceable since a large number of people still have no access to the Internet.However,others believe that the demise of printed version is at hand.Being faster and more convenient,cell phones and personal computers have led us to
20、 a paper-free lifestyle.TheIrresistibleTrendofOnlineNewspaper As far as I am concerned,it is irresistible that the printed newspaper will demise while the online newspaper will prosper.As the modern life picks up speed,news is reported at every turn(到处).News is no longer new when printed on paper.Wh
21、ile the printing process of traditional newspaper takes hours,and its distribution may take even longer time,the electronic transmission of news on the Internet may only take a couple of seconds,even including videos and audios.Besides,young people,the largest number of consumers,prefer to read news
22、 via cell phone or laptop.By these devices,users can share and comment on the news,which enables them to enrich their knowledge and mind in a short time.In conclusion,I firmly hold the idea that the online newspaper will dominate the market in the future and the printed newspaper will be displayed i
23、n the museum representing a period of history.Read carefully the following excerpt on term-time holiday arguments in the UK,and then write your response in NO LESS THAN 200 words,in which you should:lSummarize the main message of the excerpt and thenl comment on whether parents should take children
24、out of school for holiday during tem time in order to save money.You should support yourself with information from the excerpt.Marks will be awarded for content relevance,content sufficiency,organization and language quality.Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.EXER
25、CISE 3TermtimeholidayswillbeBanned Parents are to be banned by Michael Gove,the Education Secretary,from taking their children out of school to save money on holidays.He is to abolish the right of head teachers to“authorise absence”from the classroom,which has been used to let families take term-tim
26、e breaks,and will warn them they face fines for their children not being at school.“Any time out of school has the potential to damage a childs education,”a senior source at the Department for Education said this weekend.“That is why the government will end the distinction between authorised and una
27、uthorised absence.”“This is part of the governments wider commitment to bring down truancy levels in our schools.There will also be stricter penalties for parents and schools.”The tough measures on truancy are part of a wider attempt by Mr.Gove to make education more academically rigorous and to tac
28、kle a culture in the educational establishment which he believes has accepted“excuses for failure.”Russell Hobby,the general secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers,said the measure would discourage parents from trying to put pressure on heads to sanction term time holidays.“The high
29、cost of holidays outside of term time is still an issue but ultimately a childs education is more important than a holiday,”he said.WhichIsMoreImportant,EducationoraCheaperHoliday?sample 1 New research has shown that almost four out of ten parents in the UK have taken their children out of school to
30、 go on holidays.Cost is the main reason given by parents for sacrificing their childrens education.Parents are to be banned,however,by UKs Education Authority,from taking their children out of school for holiday during term time.To begin with,taking tough measures on this kind of truancy is conduciv
31、e to the normal teaching process,one of the key elements to guarantee kids academic performance.As we know,currently,teachers have the discretion to approve a certain time of absence from school for each child,which is supposed to be for illness and is not supposed to be granted for holidays.By defi
32、nitely abolishing the right of head teachers to“authorize absence”from the classroom,those teachers can rarely be pestered by parents who want to take children to go on a holiday just to save money,which severely disrupts teaching process.What s more,without strict penalties imposed on the parents w
33、ho lead to their kids playing truant,those parents can gradually view asking for holiday leave as a right.Once this cultural expectation is formed,the level of truancy will dramatically increase.Accordingly,the growing trend of term-time holidays should be banned with no delay.In this way,teachers c
34、an impart knowledge without disturbance and parents will be deterred from saving money at the expense of sacrificing their kids education.Sample 2 When it comes to whether parents should take their children to spend holidays during term-time,views on the issue vary from person to person.Parents clai
35、m that by doing so,they can save a lot of money born of busy school holidays.Educational officials strongly oppose this tendency on the ground that it encourages truancy,which in turn damages a childs education.From my perspective,the merits of banning term-time holidays outweigh its demerits.Should
36、 local authorities stagger school holidays to enable families with children to take advantage of travel bargains?Or is it wrong for parents to jeopardize their childrens education for the sake of a cheaper holiday?As far as I am concerned,education is more important.Firstly,childrens education must
37、come first.A cheap holiday during the school season shouldnt be the reason to take a child out of school.Some parents are not willing to sacrifice or schedule their lives in terms of their childrens needs.This kind of attitude will influence their children deeply.Its no wonder so many kids are not i
38、nterested in school and dont take their study seriously.Secondly,school isnt day care center.Its an educational institution that needs every student to follow its rules.Taking a child on holiday when school is in session will disturb the order of the school.Besides,it is disruptive for the child,bec
39、ause he will have to catch up when he returns.历史岳麓版第13课交通与通讯的变化资料精品课件欢迎使用自读教材自读教材填要点填要点 一、铁路，更多的铁路一、铁路，更多的铁路 1地位地位 铁路是铁路是 建设的重点，便于国计民生，成为国民经济建设的重点，便于国计民生，成为国民经济发展的动脉。发展的动脉。2出现出现 1881年，中国自建的第一条铁路年，中国自建的第一条铁路唐山唐山 至胥各庄铁至胥各庄铁路建成通车。路建成通车。1888年，年，宫廷宫廷专用铁路落成。专用铁路落成。交通运输交通运输开平开平 3发展发展 (1)原因：原因：甲午战争以后列强激烈争夺在
40、华铁路的甲午战争以后列强激烈争夺在华铁路的 。修路成为中国人修路成为中国人 的强烈愿望。的强烈愿望。(2)成果：成果：1909年年 建成通车；民国以后，各条商路修筑建成通车；民国以后，各条商路修筑权收归国有。权收归国有。4制约因素制约因素 政潮迭起，军阀混战，社会经济凋敝，铁路建设始终未入政潮迭起，军阀混战，社会经济凋敝，铁路建设始终未入正轨。正轨。修筑权修筑权救亡图存救亡图存京张铁路京张铁路 二、水运与航空二、水运与航空 1水运水运 (1)1872年年,正式成立，标志着中国新式航运业的诞生。正式成立，标志着中国新式航运业的诞生。(2)1900年前后，民间兴办的各种轮船航运公司近百家，几乎都是
41、年前后，民间兴办的各种轮船航运公司近百家，几乎都是在列强排挤中艰难求生。在列强排挤中艰难求生。2航空航空 (1)起步：起步：1918年，附设在福建马尾造船厂的海军飞机工程处开始年，附设在福建马尾造船厂的海军飞机工程处开始研制研制 。(2)发展：发展：1918年，北洋政府在交通部下设年，北洋政府在交通部下设“”；此后十年间，航空事业获得较快发展。；此后十年间，航空事业获得较快发展。轮船招商局轮船招商局水上飞机水上飞机筹办航空事宜筹办航空事宜处处 三、从驿传到邮政三、从驿传到邮政 1邮政邮政 (1)初办邮政：初办邮政：1896年成立年成立“大清邮政局大清邮政局”，此后又设，此后又设 ，邮传正式脱离
42、海关。邮传正式脱离海关。(2)进一步发展：进一步发展：1913年，北洋政府宣布裁撤全部驿站；年，北洋政府宣布裁撤全部驿站；1920年，中国首次参加年，中国首次参加 。邮传部邮传部万国邮联大会万国邮联大会 2电讯电讯 (1)开端：开端：1877年，福建巡抚在年，福建巡抚在 架设第一条电报线，成为中国自架设第一条电报线，成为中国自办电报的开端。办电报的开端。(2)特点：进程曲折，发展缓慢，直到特点：进程曲折，发展缓慢，直到20世纪世纪30年代情况才发生变年代情况才发生变化。化。3交通通讯变化的影响交通通讯变化的影响 (1)新式交通促进了经济发展，改变了人们的通讯手段和新式交通促进了经济发展，改变了
43、人们的通讯手段和 ，转变了人们的思想观念。转变了人们的思想观念。(2)交通近代化使中国同世界的联系大大增强，使异地传输更为便交通近代化使中国同世界的联系大大增强，使异地传输更为便捷。捷。(3)促进了中国的经济与社会发展，也使人们的生活促进了中国的经济与社会发展，也使人们的生活 。台湾台湾出行出行方式方式多姿多彩多姿多彩合作探究合作探究提认知提认知 电视剧电视剧闯关东闯关东讲述了济南章丘朱家峪人朱开山一家，讲述了济南章丘朱家峪人朱开山一家，从清末到九一八事变爆发闯关东的前尘往事。下图是朱开山从清末到九一八事变爆发闯关东的前尘往事。下图是朱开山一家从山东辗转逃亡到东北途中可能用到的四种交通工具。一
44、家从山东辗转逃亡到东北途中可能用到的四种交通工具。依据材料概括晚清中国交通方式的特点，并分析其成因。依据材料概括晚清中国交通方式的特点，并分析其成因。提示：提示：特点：新旧交通工具并存特点：新旧交通工具并存(或：传统的帆船、独轮车，或：传统的帆船、独轮车，近代的小火轮、火车同时使用近代的小火轮、火车同时使用)。原因：近代西方列强的侵略加剧了中国的贫困，阻碍社会发原因：近代西方列强的侵略加剧了中国的贫困，阻碍社会发展；西方工业文明的冲击与示范；中国民族工业的兴起与发展；展；西方工业文明的冲击与示范；中国民族工业的兴起与发展；政府及各阶层人士的提倡与推动。政府及各阶层人士的提倡与推动。串点成面串点
45、成面握全局握全局 一、近代交通业发展的原因、特点及影响一、近代交通业发展的原因、特点及影响 1原因原因 (1)先进的中国人为救国救民，积极兴办近代交通业，促先进的中国人为救国救民，积极兴办近代交通业，促进中国社会发展。进中国社会发展。(2)列强侵华的需要。为扩大在华利益，加强控制、镇压列强侵华的需要。为扩大在华利益，加强控制、镇压中国人民的反抗，控制和操纵中国交通建设。中国人民的反抗，控制和操纵中国交通建设。(3)工业革命的成果传入中国，为近代交通业的发展提供工业革命的成果传入中国，为近代交通业的发展提供了物质条件。了物质条件。2特点特点 (1)近代中国交通业逐渐开始近代化的进程，铁路、水运和
46、近代中国交通业逐渐开始近代化的进程，铁路、水运和航空都获得了一定程度的发展。航空都获得了一定程度的发展。(2)近代中国交通业受到西方列强的控制和操纵。近代中国交通业受到西方列强的控制和操纵。(3)地域之间的发展不平衡。地域之间的发展不平衡。3影响影响 (1)积极影响：促进了经济发展，改变了人们的出行方式，积极影响：促进了经济发展，改变了人们的出行方式，一定程度上转变了人们的思想观念；加强了中国与世界各地的一定程度上转变了人们的思想观念；加强了中国与世界各地的联系，丰富了人们的生活。联系，丰富了人们的生活。(2)消极影响：有利于西方列强的政治侵略和经济掠夺。消极影响：有利于西方列强的政治侵略和经
47、济掠夺。1李鸿章李鸿章1872年在上海创办轮船招商局，年在上海创办轮船招商局，“前前10年盈和，成年盈和，成为长江上重要商局，招商局和英商太古、怡和三家呈鼎立为长江上重要商局，招商局和英商太古、怡和三家呈鼎立之势之势”。这说明该企业的创办。这说明该企业的创办()A打破了外商对中国航运业的垄断打破了外商对中国航运业的垄断B阻止了外国对中国的经济侵略阻止了外国对中国的经济侵略C标志着中国近代化的起步标志着中国近代化的起步D使李鸿章转变为民族资本家使李鸿章转变为民族资本家解析：解析：李鸿章是地主阶级的代表，并未转化为民族资本家；李鸿章是地主阶级的代表，并未转化为民族资本家；洋务运动标志着中国近代化的
48、开端，但不是具体以某个企业洋务运动标志着中国近代化的开端，但不是具体以某个企业的创办为标志；洋务运动中民用企业的创办在一定程度上抵的创办为标志；洋务运动中民用企业的创办在一定程度上抵制了列强的经济侵略，但是并未能阻止其侵略。故制了列强的经济侵略，但是并未能阻止其侵略。故B、C、D三项表述都有错误。三项表述都有错误。答案：答案：A 二、近代以来交通、通讯工具的进步对人们社会生活的影二、近代以来交通、通讯工具的进步对人们社会生活的影响响 (1)交通工具和交通事业的发展，不仅推动各地经济文化交交通工具和交通事业的发展，不仅推动各地经济文化交流和发展，而且也促进信息的传播，开阔人们的视野，加快流和发展
49、，而且也促进信息的传播，开阔人们的视野，加快生活的节奏，对人们的社会生活产生了深刻影响。生活的节奏，对人们的社会生活产生了深刻影响。(2)通讯工具的变迁和电讯事业的发展，使信息的传递变得通讯工具的变迁和电讯事业的发展，使信息的传递变得快捷简便，深刻地改变着人们的思想观念，影响着人们的社快捷简便，深刻地改变着人们的思想观念，影响着人们的社会生活。会生活。2清朝黄遵宪曾作诗曰：清朝黄遵宪曾作诗曰：“钟声一及时，顷刻不少留。虽钟声一及时，顷刻不少留。虽有万钧柁，动如绕指柔。有万钧柁，动如绕指柔。”这是在描写这是在描写 ()A电话电话 B汽车汽车C电报电报 D火车火车解析：解析：从从“万钧柁万钧柁”“
50、动如绕指柔动如绕指柔”可推断为火车。可推断为火车。答案：答案：D典题例析典题例析 例例1上海世博会曾吸引了大批海内外人士利用各种上海世博会曾吸引了大批海内外人士利用各种交通工具前往参观。然而在交通工具前往参观。然而在19世纪七十年代，江苏沿江世纪七十年代，江苏沿江居民到上海，最有可能乘坐的交通工具是居民到上海，最有可能乘坐的交通工具是()A江南制造总局的汽车江南制造总局的汽车 B洋人发明的火车洋人发明的火车 C轮船招商局的轮船轮船招商局的轮船 D福州船政局的军舰福州船政局的军舰 解析解析由材料信息由材料信息“19世纪七十年代，由江苏沿江居民世纪七十年代，由江苏沿江居民到上海到上海”可判断最有可
