1、 新石器時代人類的頭骨，有明顯被鋸開和傷口邊緣癒合的痕跡。手術的目的仍屬未知，可能是為了釋出附身的魔鬼。http:/health.edu.tw/modules/people/history/world_01.htm 殷商時代的甲骨文中找不到醫字，卻找得到毉字，暗示著當時巫醫相混的情況。http:/health.edu.tw/modules/people/history/world_01.htm希波克拉提斯(Hippocrates，450-370 B.C.)希臘醫學家，西方醫學之父。他是第一個賦予醫學理性內涵的人，以體液失衡來解釋疾病的成因。他相信自然的治癒力，對疾病採取較保守的療法。他認為醫學
2、是以治療為中心的藝術，強調病程的觀察，主張以人道的方式對待病人。http:/health.edu.tw/modules/people/history/world_02.htm 十五世紀醫師隨身攜帶的小型手抄本，記載著由尿液外觀來診斷疾病和由不同部位放血來治療疾病的準則。這些都是體液說盛行之下的產物。http:/health.edu.tw/modules/people/history/world_02.htm He put great emphasis on clinical observation examining a patient very thoroughly and noting t
3、heir symptoms.Galen also accepted the view that disease was the result of an imbalance between blood,phlegm,yellow bile and blood bile.Galen also believed in the healing power of nature and he developed treatments to restore the balance of the four humours.Galen believed in the use of opposites if a
4、 man appeared to have a fever,he treated it with something cold;if a man appeared to have a cold,he would be treated with heat.People who were weak were given hard physical exercises to do to build up their muscles.People who had breathing problems due to a weak chest were given singing exercises.ht
5、tp:/www.historylearningsite.co.uk/claudius_galen.htm不同於希氏的保守，他主張對疾病採取主動的介入與治療。他相信身心是一體的，認為治療應兼及身體面與精神面。http:/health.edu.tw/modules/people/history/world_02.htm http:/www.malaspina.org/home.asp?topic=./search/details&lastpage=./search/results&ID=338He accurately described disease symptoms and was the
6、first physician to accurately describe the symptoms of pneumonia,as well as epilepsy in children.He believed in the natural healing process of rest,a good diet,fresh air and cleanliness.He noted that there were individual differences in the severity of disease symptoms and that some individuals were
7、 better able to cope with their disease and illness than others.http:/www2.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/hippoc.html十四世紀的壁畫，顯示長了翅膀的魔鬼把牆推倒，壓死了一位教士，而基督教的聖者Benedict正在使他復活。阿拉伯名醫Rhazes（841-926）的著作封面，顯示一位學者坐在地板上看書。他的衣服和室內擺設都是歐式的，但頭巾顯示他來自中東。圖的頂端是希臘醫神Asclepius的肖像，底端則是三位阿拉伯名醫Mesue、Avicenna和Rhazes圍繞著希波克拉提斯與蓋倫，象徵著希臘、羅
8、馬醫學與阿拉伯醫學的一脈相傳。維薩留斯在人體的結構一書中所描繪的人體靜脈系統，其精密的程度令人讚嘆。http:/health.edu.tw/modules/people/history/world_04.htm 巴拉賽瑟斯(Paracelsus，1493-1541)瑞士醫師與煉丹師，文藝復興時期最基進的醫學革命者。他鄙視蓋倫以來的一切教條與權威，主張回歸希波克拉提斯的傳統，強調親身觀察的重要。他相信自然所賦予人類身心復癒的契機，重視天然物在治療上的價值，將化學與藥學引入臨床治療的領域。巴拉賽瑟斯相信體液說，認為疾病是因體液失衡而起，故應分析尿液以診斷之。圖為他所設計的尿液蒸餾器，與真人同高，有
9、刻度對應人體的不同部位。當水分被蒸乾，尿中的其他成份會沈積在器壁上，他便根據沈積物的位置與成分比例來推斷疾病的所在位置與本質。http:/health.edu.tw/modules/people/history/world_04.htm 實驗生理學是十七世紀醫學研究的主流。圖為義大利生理學家 Santorio(1561-1636)設計的可秤重量的椅用來測量一個人生理代謝的攝取與排出量。他也是第一個用溫度計來量體溫的人。http:/health.edu.tw/modules/people/history/world_05.htm 顯微鏡是醫學史上劃時代的發明，帶給人類全新的視野，促成了微生物學和
10、組織學的興起。圖中的婦人看了顯微鏡下形狀猙獰的微生物以後，顯得十分驚訝。Giovanni Battista Morgagni(1682-1771)Giovanni Battista Morgagni studied medicine at the Bologna under Antonio Maria Valsalva,a great pioneer in otology.In 1761,he compiled a lifetime of clinical and anatomical research in De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen
11、 indagatis(On the Seats and Causes of Diseases,Investigated by Anatomy).The book consists of seventy letters that describe about 700 cases.As the first work to establish the organ concept of disease,it is the foundation of modern pathological anatomy.http:/www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/
12、classics/Morgagni.htmlM.F.X.Bichat(1771-1802)Marie Francois Xavier Bichat studied medicine and surgery at the University of Montpellier and at the Htel-Dieu in Paris.Bichat is the father of modern histology and tissue pathology.He argued that anatomy and pathology should be based not on the study of
13、 organs,as Morgagni had proposed,but on the classification and examination of tissue.He examined over six hundred bodies and identified twenty-one kinds of tissue-without using a microscope.http:/orvostortenet.freeweb.hu/bichatk.htmlA founder of the science of bacteriology,Koch devised a procedure i
14、n 1876 to demonstrate that the bacterium Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax,a disease of animals that can also be transmitted to humans.It was the first time that a particular bacterium was shown to be the cause of a particular disease.Koch also discovered the bacteria that cause tuberculosis(Mycobac
15、terium tuberculosis)and cholera(Vibrio cholerae).He developed improved methods for staining bacteria and introduced the use of gelatin and,later,agar as growing media for bacterial colonies.http:/ Robert Koch(1843-1910)German pathologist who studied under Johannes Mller.Virchow opposed the idea that
16、 disease was an affliction of the body at large or one of its humor,wanting to find the anatomical location of diseases.In Die Cellularpathologie(Cellular Pathology,1858),he set out methods and objectives of pathology and demonstrated that cell theory applied to diseased tissue as well as healthy.He
17、 summarized the cell theory with the Latin phrase omnis cellula a cellula(all cells arise from cells)in 1855.http:/ RNA DNA 治療：恢復细胞的結構和功能的正常 外科手術切除病變组織 化學治療摧毀細胞 導致病變细胞的死亡，非恢復细胞结構和功能的完整，我們却以為疾病治愈了，這是什麼缘故？人體幾乎無時無刻都有不計其數的细胞衰老或者死亡，這是患病了嗎？是否人一旦有了一個腫瘤细胞就應該診斷腫瘤呢？只要發現癌基因，改變或者置換癌基因，人是否就不得癌症了？解讀完畢的第解讀完畢的第22号染
18、色體号染色體http:/ 專家認為，霍亂之所以多年后卷土重來與環境惡化、衛生設施落后、居住條件惡劣、營養不良等因素有關，比如年秘魯霍亂肆虐，主要在於它缺少清潔飲用水。現有的霍亂疫苗隻對部分人有效，並且由於疫苗有毒副作用，一些國家禁止使用。但霍亂不算最可怕的傳染病，目前全球每年新增大約萬起霍亂病例，病死率僅。霍亂很容易防治，隻要不飲污水、不吃生冷不潔食物就不會感染。http:/ http:/ 中世纪时，整个欧洲社会动荡不安，人民生活条件简陋。那一时期的城市基础设施也相当差，人们生活在肮脏不堪的环境当中。人们在室内卫生、个人卫生方面的知识和意识很少，在城市内仍可见到人畜共居的情况。鼠疫在欧洲的泛滥，在很大程度上还因为鼠类的天敌猫在中世纪遭到了不公正的待遇。当时，教会无中生有地对猫横加指责，说猫和猫头鹰有极其相似的外表，认为猫在夜间令人毛骨悚然的鸣叫和闪烁凶光的眼睛，正是魔鬼撒旦的化身，或是造祸女妖的帮凶，是与魔鬼结盟的异教畜生。人们在教会蛊惑下，也把猫看成是魔鬼的化身，会随时给人带来灾难，使猫从征服了鼠疫而奉为神猫的崇高地位急转直下，剧变为邪恶的代表，不祥的动物，受到人们的鄙视，甚至杀戮。Thank you for your attention!
