国内外土壤环境质量标准概要课件.ppt

1、国内外土壤环境质量标准概要四川省环境保护科学研究院傅尧信傅尧信2009,4,10 1.国外土壤环境质量标准体系 2.国内土壤环境质量标准概要 3.土壤修复相关标准 国外土壤环境质量标准体系目 录 国外土壤环境质量标准概况 美国土壤环境质量标准体系 荷兰土壤环境质量标准体系 加拿大土壤环境质量标准 澳大利亚土壤环境质量标准 其它国家土壤环境质量标准国外土壤环境质量标准概况 保护对象的多样性 暴露方式的多样性 标准的多样性保护对象的多样性 人体健康人体健康 生态系统生态系统 植物植物 农作物 其它植物 野生动物野生动物 哺乳类动物 鸟类 无脊椎动物无脊椎动物 生物过程生物过程 地下水地下水暴露方式

2、的多样性 皮肤接触 直接摄入 间接摄入 呼吸吸入 地下水饮用标准的多样性 通用标准 按土地用途分类标准 按暴露方式分类标准 土地修复 污染物清除 标准值设定示意图 concentrationScreening Risk AssessmentNegligible riskWarning riskUnacceptableriskLong term objectivese.g.Target valuesFurther investigatione.g.Trigger valueNeed of remediatione.g.intervention values欧洲国家标准设定级别countries可

3、忽略风险可忽略风险警示风险警示风险 不可接受风险不可接受风险Screening RA Screening RA Screening RASite-specific RAATTrigger ValuesIntervent.valuesNLTarget valueIntervent.valuesITLimit valueBE-FLbackgroundFurther invensti.Cleanup stan.BE-wReferen.valuetrigger valueIntervent.valuesCZLong term ob.Further invenstiremediationDKSoil q

4、uality crit.Cut-off valuesDETrigger valuesAction levels金属的可忽略风险浓度金属的可忽略风险浓度(mg/kg)比利时wa 捷克 荷兰斯洛伐克As 12 30 29 29Ba 600 160 500Be 5 0.04 3Cd 0.2 0.5 0.80 0.8Cr 34 130 100 130Cr()2.5Hg 0.05 0.4 0.3 0.3Pb 25 80 85 85Ni 24 60 35 35有机物的可忽略风险浓度有机物的可忽略风险浓度(mg/kg)比利时wa 捷克 荷兰斯洛伐克苯 0.1 0.03 0.01乙苯 0.1 0.04 0.0

5、021甲苯 0.1 0.03 0.0007二甲苯 0.2 0.03 0.0007萘 0.05 0.01蒽 0.1 0.1苯并芘 0.01 0.1 0.1三氯乙烯 0.1 0.01PCB 0.02 0.02金属的警示值金属的警示值(mg/kg)奥地利奥地利比利时比利时wa 捷克捷克 德国德国斯洛伐克斯洛伐克 瑞典瑞典 As 20 40 65 50 30 15 Be 15 20 Cd 2 3 10 20 5 1 Cr 50 125 450 400 250 250 Cr()4.2 15 Hg 2 9 2.5 20 2 5 Pb 100 195 250 400 150 300 Ni 70 150 18

6、0 140 100 150 Zn 230 1500 500 700金属的行动干预值金属的行动干预值(mg/kg)奥地利奥地利比利时比利时wa捷克捷克荷兰荷兰斯洛伐克斯洛伐克 As 50 300 70 5550 Ba 1000 6252000 Be 20 3030 Cd10 30 20 1220 Cr250 520 500 380800 Hg10 56 10 1010 Pb500 700 300 530600 Ni140 300 250 210500 Zn 710 2500 7203000美国土壤环境质量标准体系 1.美国国家土壤环境质量标准体系的组成:通用土壤筛选值(Generic SSLs)

7、生态土壤筛选值(Eco-SSLs)人体健康土壤筛选值 土壤放射性核素筛选值 2.美国区系(region)土壤环境质量标准体系 3.美国各州的土壤环境质量标准体系美国土壤环境质量标准体系的特点 科学性 系统性 完整性 互补性通用土壤筛选值(Generic SSLs)generic SSLs for 110 chemicals.Generic SSLs The generic SSLs are not necessarily protective of all known human exposure pathways,reasonable land uses,or ecological thre

8、ats.Generic SSLs are presented separately for major pathways of concern in both surface and subsurface soils.通用土壤筛选值通用土壤筛选值Generic SSLs(Inorganics)CAS No.Compound Ingestion (mg/kg)InhalationFugitive particulate (mg/kg)Migration to ground water 20 DAF 1 DAF (mg/kg)(mg/kg)7440-36-0Antimony Sb31-50.374

9、40-38-2Arsenic As0.47502917440-39-3Barium Ba55006.9E051600827440-41-7BerylliumBe0.113006337440-43-9Cadmium Cd78180080.47440-47-3Chromium(total)39027038216065-83-1Chromium(III)78000-18540-29-9Chromium(VI)39027038257-12-5Cyanide1600-4027439-92-1Lead Pb400-7440-02-0Nickel Ni16001300013077782-49-2Seleni

10、um390-50.37440-22-4Silver Ag390-3427440-28-0Thallium-0.70.047440-62-2Vanadium550-60003007440-66-6Zinc Zn23000-12000620通用土壤筛选值通用土壤筛选值Generic SSLs(organics)CAS No.Compound Ingestion (mg/kg)Inhalation volatiles (mg/kg)Migration to ground water 20 DAF 1 DAF (mg/kg)(mg/kg)67-64-1acetone78001.0E 05160.830

11、9-00-2aldrin0.0430.50.0271-43-2benzene220.80.030.00265-85-0Benzoic acid3.1E 05-4002075-25-2bromoform81530.80.0471-36-3butanol780010000170.967-66-3chloroform1000.30.60.0372-54-8DDD3-160.872-55-9DDE2-54350-29-3DDT2-3221336-36-3PCBs1-108-95-2Phenol47000-1005 生态土壤筛选值(Eco-SSLs)（mg/kg土壤干重）土壤干重）序号金属和有机污金属和

12、有机污染物染物植物植物土壤无脊椎土壤无脊椎动物动物野生动物野生动物鸟类鸟类哺乳动物哺乳动物1镉镉 Cd321400.770.362铬铬 Cr-Cr-26Cr-无无Cr-34Cr-1303钴钴 Co13-1202304铜铜 Cu708028495铅铅 Pb120170011566锰锰 Mn220450430040007镍镍 Ni382802101308硒硒 Se0.524.11.20.639银银 Ag560-4.21410钒钒 V-7.8280续上表11锌锌 Zn160120467912锑锑 Sb-78-0.2713砷砷 As18-434614钡钡 Ba-330-200015铋铋 Be-40-2

13、116DDT(包括代谢包括代谢物物)-0.0930.02117狄氏剂狄氏剂-0.0220.004918PAH低分子量低分子量-29-100高分子量高分子量-18-1.119五氯苯酚五氯苯酚5.0312.12.8人体健康土壤筛选值人体健康土壤筛选值 居住区土壤筛选值居住区土壤筛选值（mg/kg）污染物污染物摄入摄入-皮肤接触皮肤接触挥发物吸入挥发物吸入地下水地下水DAF=20DAF=1艾氏剂艾氏剂0.0430.50.02DDT2-322狄氏剂狄氏剂0.0410.0040.0002锑锑 Sb31-50.3砷砷 As0.4-291钡钡 Ba5500-160082铋铋 Be160-633镉镉 Cd70

14、-80.4铬（总量）铬（总量）230-382铬铬Cr-120000-铬铬Cr-230-382汞汞 Hg1600-20.1镍镍 Ni23101307硒硒 Se1600-50.3银银 Ag390-342铊铊 TI390-0.70.04钒钒 V6-6000300锌锌 Zn550-12000620 商业区商业区/工业区土壤筛选值工业区土壤筛选值（以室外作业人员为受体）（以室外作业人员为受体）（mg/kg）污染物污染物摄入摄入-皮肤接触皮肤接触挥发物吸入挥发物吸入地地 下下 水水DAF=20DAF=1艾氏剂艾氏剂0.260.50.02DDT8-322狄氏剂狄氏剂0.220.0040.0002锑锑 Sb4

15、50-50.3砷砷 As2-291钡钡 Ba79000-160082铋铋 Be2300-633镉镉 Cd900-80.4铬（总量）铬（总量）3400-382铬铬Cr-1000000-铬铬Cr-3400-382汞汞 Hg3401420.1镍镍 Ni23000-1307硒硒 Se5700-50.3银银 Ag5700-342铊铊 TI91-0.70.04钒钒 V7900-6000300锌锌 Zn340000-12000620商业区商业区/工业区土壤筛选值工业区土壤筛选值（以室内作业人员为受体）（以室内作业人员为受体）（mg/kg）污染物污染物摄入摄入-皮肤接触皮肤接触地地 下下 水水DAF=20DA

16、F=1艾氏剂艾氏剂0.30.50.02DDT17322狄氏剂狄氏剂0.40.0040.0002锑锑 Sb82050.3砷砷 As4291钡钡 Ba140000160082铋铋 Be4100633镉镉 Cd200080.4铬（总量）铬（总量）6100382铬铬Cr-1000000-铬铬Cr-6100382汞汞 Hg61020.1镍镍 Ni410001307硒硒 Se1000050.3银银 Ag10000342铊铊 TI1600.70.04钒钒 V140006000300锌锌 Zn61000012000620美国土壤筛选值的制定方法 通用土壤筛选值(Generic SSLs)制定方法 生态土壤筛选

17、值(Eco-SSLs)制定方法 人体健康土壤筛选值制定方法确定土壤筛选值(SSLs)的一般步骤 Developing a conceptual site model(CSM)Comparing the CSM to the SSL scenario Defining data collection needs Sampling and analyzing soils at site Calculating site-specific SSLs Comparing site soil contaminant concentrations to calculated SSLs Determinin

18、g which areas of the site require further study.SSL Equations-Surface Soils Equation 1:Screening Level Equation for Ingestion of Noncarcinogenic Contaminants in Residential SoilScreening Level(mg/kg)=THQBWAT365d 1/RfDo10-6 kg/mg EF EDIR Parameter/Definition(units)DefaultTHQ/target hazard quotient (u

19、nitless)1BW/body weight(kg)15AT/averaging time(yr)6RfDo/oral reference dose(mg/kg-d)chemical-specificEF/exposure frequency(d/yr)350ED/exposure duration(yr)6IR/soil ingestion rate(mg/d)200Equation 2:Screening Level Equation forIngestion of Carcinogenic Contaminants in Residential SoilScreening Level(

20、mg/kg)=TR AT365 dSFo10-6 kg/mg EFIF soil/adj Parameter/Definition(units)Default TR/target cancer risk(unitless)10-6 AT/averaging time(yr)70 SFo/oral slope factor(mg/kg-d)-1 chemical-specific EF/exposure frequency(d/yr)350 IFsoil/adj/age-adjusted soil ingestion factor(mg-yr/kg-d)114 确定生态土壤筛选值确定生态土壤筛选

21、值(Eco-SSLs)的步骤的步骤 The General Process for Establishing Eco-SSLs Step 1:Literature Search Step 2:Determine Acceptability of Study for Use in Deriving Eco-SSL Step 3:Extract,Evaluate and Score Data Step 4:Select Value影响土壤污染物生物获取率的土壤参数影响土壤污染物生物获取率的土壤参数 Key Soil Parameters Affecting Contaminant Bioavail

22、ability in Soils Soil pH.Cation and Anion Exchange Capacities.Clay Minerals （Clays,by definition,are soil particles less than 2 microns in size）Organic Matter(Organic Carbon)Content.植物对部分金属的吸收率与土壤条件的关系(Al,Sb,Ba,Be,Cd,Co,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Ag,Zn)土壤pH 土壤有机质含量土壤有机质含量 2 2 to 6 6 to 104pH 5.5 很高很高 高高 中中5.5pH 7

23、高高 中中 低低7pH 8.5 中中 低低 很低很低植物对部分金属的吸收率与土壤条件的关系(As,Cr,Se,V)土壤pH 土壤有机质含量土壤有机质含量 2 2 to 6 6 to 104pH 5.5 中中 低低 很低很低5.5pH 7 高高 中中 低低7pH 8.5 很高很高 高高 中中部分有机物的可获取率与土壤条件的关系部分有机物的可获取率与土壤条件的关系(PCB,DDT,PAHs,TNT,狄氏剂狄氏剂)(Kow-辛醇辛醇-水分配系数水分配系数)土壤土壤pHKow 有机质含量有机质含量()22 to 66 to 104pH 5.5Kow3.5 高高 中中 低低Kow3.5 很高很高 高高

24、中中5.5pH 7Kow3.5 中中 低低 低低Kow3.5 高高 中中 低低7pH 8.5Kow3.5 低低 低低 低低Kow3.5 中中 低低 低低美国区系美国区系(region)土壤环境质量标准体系土壤环境质量标准体系 Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals(PRGs)Region 4 Ecological Screening Values Region 6 Human Health Medium-Specific Screening Levels Region 3 Risk-Based Concentration(RBC)美国各州的土壤环境质量标准

25、体系美国各州的土壤环境质量标准体系 Oregon Screening Level Values for Ecological Risk Assessment California Human Health Screening Levels for Soil Massachusetts Human Exposure Categories:S-1,S-2 AND S-3 Florida Soil Cleanup Target Levels(CTLs)Oregon生态风险评价筛选值 污染物 植物无脊椎动物 鸟类哺乳动物铝 Al 50 600 450 107锑 Sb 5 15砷 As 10 60 10

26、 29钡 Ba 500 3000 85 638铍 Be 10 83铋 Bi 20硼 B 0.5 20 120 3500溴 Br 10镉 Cd 4 20 6 125续上表钙 Ca铬 Cr 1 0.4 4 340000铬 Cr 410钴 Co 20 1000 150铜 Cu 100 50 190 390铁 Fe 10 200碘 I 4镧 La 50铅 Pb 50 500 16 4000锂 Li 2 10 1175镁 Mg锰 Mn 500 100 4125 11000续上表汞 Hg 0.3 0.1 1.5 73钼 Mo 2 200 15 14镍 Ni 30 200 320 625铌 Nb 9钾 K硒

27、 Se 1 70 2 25银 Ag 2 50钠 Na锶 Sr 32875锝 Te 0.2碲 Th 2铊 Tl 11续上表锡 Sn 50 2000钛 Ti 1000钨 W 400铀 U 5 65 170钒 V 2 47 25锌 Zn 50 200 60 20000锆 Zr 97荷兰土壤环境质量标准体系 RIVM National institute of public health and Environment 荷兰公共卫生与环境国家研究院的简称 VROM Ministry of housing,spatial planning and the Environment荷兰住房及规划和环境部荷兰

28、土壤环境质量标准体系中的重要概念荷兰土壤环境质量标准体系中的重要概念Target values 目标值目标值 The target values indicate the level at which there is a sustainable soil quality.target values indicate the level that has to be achieved to fully recover the functional properties of the soil for humans and plant and animal life.Besides this t

29、he target values give an indication of the benchmark for environmental quality in the long term on the assumption of negligible risks to the ecosystem.Soil remediation intervention values 土壤修复干预值土壤修复干预值 The soil remediation intervention values indicate when the functional properties of the soil for

30、humans,plant and animal life,is seriously impaired or threatened.They are representative of the level of contamination above which there is a serious case of soil contamination.Indicative levels for serious contamination 严重污染警示值严重污染警示值 The RIVMs proposals for intervention values have not resulted in

31、 intervention values being set for a number of substances.The so-called indicative levels for serious contamination have been given for these substances.Indicative levels have been set for substances in the second,third and fourth series.No indicative levels have been set for the first series of sub

32、stances.Maximum permissible concentration(MPC)最大允许浓度最大允许浓度:The sum of the maximum permissible addition(MPA)and the background concentration(Cb)MPCMPACbNegligible concentration(NC)可忽略浓度可忽略浓度:The sum of the background concentration Cb and the negligible addition(NA),or,The NC is derived from the MPC b

33、y dividing it by 100 NCNACbNegligible addition(NA)可忽略增加可忽略增加:NA is derived by dividing the MPA by 100 ecotoxicological serious risk concentration(SRCECO)严重生态风险严重生态风险浓度浓度 ecotoxicological serious risk addition(SRAECO)严重生态风险严重生态风险增加增加RIVM提出的九个微量元素的各项标准ElementSymbolCbmg.kg-1NAmg.kg-1NCmg.kg-1MPAmg.kg-1

34、MPCmg.kg-1SRAECOmg.kg-1SRCECOmg.kg-1berylliumBe1.10.00431.10.431.51.93.0vanadiumv420.00032420.032422567Cobalt Co90.00239.00.239.21524seleniumSe0.70.0000580.700.00580.711.21.9molybdenumMo0.50.00760.510.761.3270270tinSn190.00068190.06819250270antimonySb3-5154bariumBa1550.0821608.2160210360thalliumTi1.

35、00.0011.00.101.11.02.0Target values and soil remediation intervention values and background concentrations for metals(VROM)Values for soil have been expressed as the concentration in a standard soil(10%organic matter and 25%clay).Metals Soil(mg/kg dry matter)National backgroundconcentrationTarget va

36、lueIntervention valueSb3315As292955Ba160160625Cd0.80.812Cr100100380Co99240Cu3636190续上表续上表Hg0.30.310Pb8585530Mo0.53200Ni3535210Zn140140720加拿大土壤环境质量标准体系加拿大土壤环境质量标准体系 Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines 土壤质量指导值土壤质量指导值 for four land use categories:Agricultural 农业用地农业用地:where the primary land use is growing

37、 crops or tending livestock.This also includes agricultural lands that provide habitat for resident and transitory wildlife and native flora.主要用于作主要用于作物栽培和放养家畜物栽培和放养家畜,包括野生动植物栖息地包括野生动植物栖息地 Residential/Parkland 居住居住/公共用地公共用地:where the primary activity is residential or recreational activity;parkland

38、is defined as a buffer between areas of residency,and also includes campground areas,but excludes wildlands such as national or provincial parks.居住和娱居住和娱乐活动用地乐活动用地,居住区之间的缓冲区居住区之间的缓冲区,露营地露营地,但不包括国家公园的荒地但不包括国家公园的荒地Commercial商业用地商业用地:where the primary activity is commercial(e.g.,shopping mall)and not r

39、esidential or manufacturing.This does not include zones where food is grown.Industrial工业用地工业用地:where the primary activity involves the production,manufacture,or construction of goods.Two generic soil types coarse-textured soils(soils containing predominantly sand and gravel sizes)fine-textured soils

40、(soils containing predominantly silt and clay sizes).The criterion distinguishing the two categories is a median grain size of 75 microns.Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines(mgkg-1).Substance Agricultural Residential/parkland*Commercial Industrial Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Arsenic

41、 12 12 12 12Barium 750 500 2000 2000Cadmium 1.4 10 22 22lead 70 140 260 600DDT 0.7 0.7 12 12nickel 50 50 50 50 Benzene Surface Subsoil 0.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.0068澳大利亚土壤环境质量标准体系澳大利亚土壤环境质量标准体系 Soil Investigation level土壤调查值土壤调查值 Health Invest

42、igation level 土壤健康调查值土壤健康调查值 substace xbackground expossuresamount of substance absorbed from soil BE(Sing Cing BingSinh Cinh Binh Sskin Cskin Bskin)BE:background expossures(eg.From food and water)Sing:amount of soil ingested Sskin:amount of soil on skin Ecological Investigation level土壤生态调查值土壤生态调查值

43、proposed percentage of species and processes for different land uses;land use standard%protection residential 80 urban parkland 80 rural parkland 80 commercial 60 industrial 60 agricultural 95Soil Investigation level(mg/kg)australia)substancesHealth investigation levels(HILs)Ecological investigation

44、 levels(EILs)Background rangesABCDEFInterium urbanAs100400200500201-50Be208040100Cd20804010031Co1004002005001-40Pb300120060015006002-200Mn1500600030007500500850Ni60024006003000605-500DDT TDDDDDDDDEDDE2008004001000PCBs10402050瑞典土壤环境质量标准generic guideline values按土地敏感程度,guideline values分为三类:敏感土地(sensiti

45、ve land use)较不敏感土地地下水保护(less sensitive land use,groundwater protection)较不敏感土地(less sensitive land use)按污染程度评价分类 Not very serious guideline values Moderately serious 1-3guideline values Serious 3-10guideline values Very serious 10guideline values 巴西圣保罗州土壤环境质量标准(1)quality reference value,indicating th

46、e quality level of a soil considered as clean soil,generally associated with the natural concentration of the element of interest;(2)preventing value,above which harmful changes in the soil quality may occur;and (3)intervention value,above which potential risks to the human health exist,considering

47、a generic exposure scenario.The model used by CETESB to obtain these values was based on that developed by the Netherlands National Institute of Public Health and Environment德国土壤环境质量标准中的特色 1.三级设定三级设定:Precaution levels 预防值预防值 Trigger levels 启动值启动值 Action levels 行动值行动值 2.污染途径污染途径(Pathway):Soilhuman be

48、ings(direct contact)土壤土壤人体直接接触人体直接接触 Soil-plants(transfer)土壤土壤-植物转移植物转移 Soil-groundwater 土壤土壤-地下水地下水 3.土壤用途土壤用途:Agriculture 农业农业 Gardening 园地园地 Green land 绿地绿地 4.acceptable additional annual load of hazadous substances有害物质可接受年负荷有害物质可接受年负荷 cadmium 6 (g/ha*a)lead 400 chromium 300 copper 360国内土壤环境质量标准1

49、.国家土壤环境质量标准国家土壤环境质量标准 GB15618-1995 污染物10项,其中无机物8项,2.展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准(暂行)HJ350-2007 污染物92项,其中无机物14项,分级:A级:目标值 B级:修复行动值3.环保部 环发200839号文件 .在土壤环境质量评价标准值中,无机物12项,有机物4项.4.食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准 (HJ 332-2006)其中土壤环境质量评价指标限值与国标一致.温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准 (HJ 333-2006)温室土壤环境质量评价指标限值与

50、国标基本一致,略有调整.6.拟开放场址土壤中剩余放射性可接受水平规定拟开放场址土壤中剩余放射性可接受水平规定（暂行）(HJ 53-2000)7.工业企业土壤环境质量风险评价基准工业企业土壤环境质量风险评价基准(HJ/T 251999)有机物30项.基准严重偏高,如苯:1640mg/Kg,美国.12mg/Kg 土壤修复相关标准土壤修复相关标准 待修复土壤判断标准待修复土壤判断标准 修复土壤行为标准修复土壤行为标准 修复土壤验收标准修复土壤验收标准待修复土壤判断标准 国内标准:展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准 修复行动值修复行动值 国外标准:荷兰国家标准荷兰国家标准 I