1、Introduction to Interpreting StudiesZhao JunfengSchool of Interpreting and Translation StudiesSession OneAn Overview of InterpretingMain Issues of Interpreting Studies The Concepts of InterpretingWhat is interpreting studiesA brief history of the disciplineSettings and constellationsTypological para
2、metersDomains and dimensionsThe Concepts of Interpreting Latin interpres(expounder,person explaining what is obscure,explaining the meaning,making sense of)Metaphorical names:middleman,intermediary,commercial go-between In legal sphere,lawyers to interpret the law,court interpreter to translate the
3、language Question:to translate or interpret?Kades definition In principle,interpreting is performed here and now for the benefit of people who want to engage in communication across barriers of language and culture Interpreting is a form of Translation in which a first and final rendition in another
4、 language is produced on the basis of a one-time presentation of an utterance in a source language(Pochhacker 2004:11).Immediacy as the key wordConceptual ingredients An activity consisting(mainly)in The production of utterances(texts)which are Presumed to have a similar meaning and/or effect As pre
5、viously existing utterances in another language and cultureThe Definition of Interpreting 口译（Interpreting，也称Interpretation），是一种通过听取和解析来源语(source language)所表达的信息，随即将其转译为目标语(target language)语言符号，进而达到传递信息之目的的言语交际活动。（梅德明，1996）口译不是单纯意义上的言语行为，而是一种涉及诸多知识层面的跨文化的交际行为。（钟述孔，1999）Definition of Interpreting(Cont
6、d)口译是一项高智能的思维科学形式和艺术再创造的活动。口译思维从主体上说属于抽象思维，更注重逻辑推理和分析；如果说翻译是艺术，那它离不开形象思维，离不开感知。（刘和平，2001：10）翻译即释意（interpretation)。释意原理源于会议翻译，它帮助我们发现了其遵循的三角程序：从讲话的有声符号出发，经过语义和认知知识融合的非语言过程，构成篇章的片断意义从而开始重新表达。（勒代雷，2001）What is interpreting studies Research as object,subject or discipline?The field of interpreting studi
7、es,began to form a(sub)disciplinary identity of its own in the 1990s.Within the field of the wider field of Translation studies.The translational activity of interpreting?Parent vs.sub-disciplinary or independent?A brief history of interpreting studies See肖晓燕，西方口译研究：历史与现状，外国语2002第4期Settings Social c
8、ontext of interaction,or setting Inter-social vs.intra-social settings Isolated contact(expedition)vs.institutionalized inter-social contacts(transaction)vs.institutionalized intra-social contacts(administration)settings The activity of interpreting has evolved throughout history in a variety of set
9、tings,from first-time encounters between different tribes to institutionalized inter-social dealings as well as in intra-social(community)relations.Interpreting in different spheres of social interactionCategorization according to setting Business interpreting Liaison interpreting Diplomatic interpr
10、eting Military interpreting Courting interpreting(legal,judicial and courtroom)Education interpreting Community-based interpreting(healthcare,medical,hospital,legal etc.)Media/broadcast,often focused on TV interpretingConstellations of interaction Three-party interaction model(R.Bruce W Anderson 197
11、6/2002)Bilateral interpreting or dialogue interpreting Liaison interpreting Conference interpreting International vs.intra-social/community Multilateral,professional roles,comparable status,one-to-many,monologic;vs.Individual,power differential,face-to-face,dialogicThe classification of Interpreting
12、 即席翻译（consecutive interpreting),即席翻译简称交传，在教学中通常称为交替传译或连续传译。其方式是讲话人说完一句话、几句话或一段话，停下来让译员进行口头翻译。而当译员同时以两种语言为操不同语言的交际双方进行交替式翻译时，即席翻译也可称为交替翻译（alternating interpreting）。经常使用即席翻译的场合，还有演讲、祝词、授课、谈判、情况介绍会、高级会议、新闻发布会、记者招待会、参观、采访、宴会等。同声传译（simultaneous interpreting）。同声传译简称同传，是一种译员在一方讲话的同时不停顿的将其讲话内容传译给另一方的口译方式。同声
13、传译又可分为三种：A.会议传译（conference simultaneous interpreting）B.视阅翻译（sight interpreting)C.耳语传译（whispering interpreting）Typological parameters Language modality(spoken-language vs.sign-language/visual language interpreting,transliteration,voice-to-sign,sign-to-sign,sign-to-voice interpreting,fingerspelling,ta
14、ctile interpreting etc.)Working mode(consecutive vs.simultaneous,whispered/whispering interpreting,sight translation,sight interpreting/oral translation,SI with text or without text in the booth,text-to-sign interpreting)Typological parameters Directionality(SL vs.TL;AIICs classificaiton,A-,B-,C-lan
15、guages,thus A-to-B interpreting or retour interpreting/return interpreting,relay interpreting)Note:A-language=native or best active language;B-language=active language commanded with near-native proficiency;C-language=passive language allowing complete understandingTypological parameters Use of tech
16、nology(remote interpreting,telephone interpreting or over-the-phone interpreting,videophone interpreting,tele-interpreting,automatic interpreting,machine interpreting)Professional status(professional vs.lay/natural interpreting,)Domains and dimensions The multi-faceted nature of interpreting as an o
17、bject of study 8 dimensions:medium,setting,mode,language(cultures),discourse,participants,interpreter,problem The interplay of the first seven dimensions serves to highlight some of the key factors in the various prototypical domains.Domains and dimensions of interpreting Medium:human;machine Settin
18、g:international;intra-social;Setting:multilat.Conf.;int.organ.;media;ed.;courts;police;health/soc.Mode:simultaneous;consecutive(booth,whisp.,sight)Language:spoken vs.signed,IO/conf.lang.vs.migrant lang.Domains and dimensions of interpreting Discourse:speeches,debates,face-to-face talk Participants:e
19、qual representatives,individual vs.inst.Repr.Interpreter:prof.trained,semi-profe.,natural Problem:simutaneity,memory,quality,stress,effect,role.etc.The Process of Interpreting“听”（listening）“记”（memorizing）“思”（processing）“表”（delivering）-Prof.HU Gengshen,1993法国释意派(Paris interpretive school)意义与知识补充，语音、语
20、义同认知知识的结合产生语篇意义。听意义而非听语言，进行信息的接收与分析；信息的视觉化与现实化；数字反应训练；逻辑推理与记忆；启动被动记忆。脱离语言外壳 deverbalization-抓住意义。口译过程中的跨越阶段，即跨越语言符号，抓住有语言符号引发产生的认知和情感意义。表达，做到通畅、言词得当、恰如其分、准确清晰。法国释意派口译程序 A.语言含义同语言外知识结合产生意义；B.伴随意义产生脱离原语语言外壳；C.使用恰当形式自由表达这一意义。代表人物：Danica Seleskovitch(塞莱斯科维奇)，Marianne Lederer(勒代雷)简言之，口译程序即：理解 脱离原语言外壳 表达
21、何谓意义？意义(Sense)是法国释意派口译理论的关键词。它指的是文章或讲话某个片段的相关认知补充与语言含义结合的产物。意义产生于有声语链（文字）的概念化，语言知识与认知补充融合时完成。意义相当于有意识状态。它既是认知的，也是情感的。The Characteristics of Interpreting 时间上的封闭性与空间上的开放性 即席性强（Extemporaneousness）压力大（Stressfulness）独立性强（Independence）综合性强（Comprehensiveness）知识面宽（Miscellaneousness）Translatability 带着脚镣跳舞。Bi
22、linguist and biculturist Encyclopedic requirement Creativity vs conformity Translation and other disciplines,contrastive linguistics,pragmatics,sociopragmatics,psychology,relevant subjects,Jack of all trades,master of none!汉英心理文化对比 中国人重直觉与具象 中国人重整体：汉语一般较笼统；汉语表意较模糊；汉语强调篇章的整体结构，讲究起承转合的完备性，注重对称平衡；汉语频繁使
23、用对仗修辞格和四字词组 汉语重意念，意合parataxis,心照不宣。西方人重理性与逻辑 西方人重个体：英语词义一般较具体；英语表意较准确；英语强调篇章句式结构的严谨；英语重形式，讲究形合Hypotaxis汉英语言文化对比Sino-Tibetan family汉语是分析性语言，analytic,no inflection,还是粘着语，agglutinative,次的组合依靠词素的粘着；汉语属表意文字，ideographic,象形、指事、会意、形声等；汉语是声调语言，tone language;汉语语法呈隐含性，convertness,重意合；汉语句子如竹竿，长而空心；Indo-European
24、 family英语是分析性和综合性语言，both analytic and synthetic,其分析特征体现在次序和助词的组句功能上。综合性则体现在丰富的曲折变化形式；英语属拼音文字，alphabetic；英语是语调语言，intonation language;英语语法呈显性，overtness,重形合；英语句子如葡萄，纲举目张。英汉语言对比 汉语句子构建在意念主轴(thought-pivot)上，句子强调的是意义而不是结构；通常句子主语不明显，或根本无主语，句式十分复杂，几乎无章可循，但意义一目了然；汉语的语序是固定的 汉语篇章传统是讲究起承转合，汉族人的思维呈螺旋形。汉语属主体显著的语言
25、，即topic-prominent 英语句子构建在形式（或主谓）主轴（form-pivot）上，强调句子结构的完整和严密，绝大多数要求主语和谓语，而且常用句式集中在8个基本句型.英语的语序则相对较为灵活 英语文章趋向于开门见山，英美人的思维呈直线性 英语属主语显著的语言，即subject-prominentGile（1995）口译模式 1.SI=L+M+P+C 同声传译=听力与分析+短期记忆+言语表达+协调 2.Phase I CI=L+N+M+C 连续传译=听力与分析+笔记+短期记忆+协调 Phase II CI=Rem+Read+P 连续传译=记忆+读笔记+传达 3.口译的理解模式：C=K
26、L+ELK+A 理解=语言知识+言外知识+分析The Yardsticks for Interpreting 信(faithfulness)达(expressiveness)捷(promptness)Suggested ReadingsPchhacker,Franz.Introducing Interpreting Studies,London:Routeldge,2004 Pchhacker,F&Shlesinger,Miriam.The Interpreting Studies Reader.London:Routeldge,2002肖晓燕，西方口译研究：历史与现状，外国语2002第4期蔡
27、小红，2002，口译研究新探，香港：开益出版社勒代雷（法），2001，释意派口笔译理论，北京：中国对外出版公司刘和平，2001，口译技巧：思维科学与口以推理教学法，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司鲍刚，1998，口译理论概述，北京：旅游教育出版社；胡庚申，1988，怎样进行涉外口译，武汉：武汉测绘科技大学出版社。赵军峰，2003，商务英语口译，北京：高等教育出版社。Questions for discussion From the perspective of history,what is your comment on the importance of interpreting?How can you define interpreting?How many types of interpreting can you name,and what are their respective functions?What are the main features of interpreting?What are its criteria?Compare written translation versus oral interpreting,and simultaneous interpreting versus consecutive interpreting.
