1、 DOOR A door is a moveable barrier secured in a wall opening.Functions:1.They admit ventilation and light.2.Controls the physical atmosphere within a space by enclosing it,excluding air drafts,so that interiors may be more effectively heated or cooled.3.They act as a barrier to noise.4.Used to scree
2、n areas of a building for aesthetic purposes,keeping formal and utility areas separate.The number should be kept as minimum.It should meet the functional requirement.It should preferably be located at the corner of the room,nearly 20 cm from corner.If in a room,more than 2 doors are there,they shall
3、 be located facing each other.Door frameHEADJAMB/POSTHOLDFASTF.L.HORNREBATE TOP RAIL BOTTOM RAILINTERMEDIATE RAILSSTYLEPANEL FRIEZE RAILDoor shutter The common width-height relations used:Width=0.4 0.6 HeightHeight=(width+1.2)mGeneral sizes used:a)Residential External door 1.0 x 2.0 to 1.1 x 2.0 m I
4、nternal door -0.9 x 2.0 to 1.0 x 2.0 m Bath&WC 0.7 X 2.0 to 0.8 x 2.0 m Garages for cars 2.25 x 2.25 m to 2.40 x 2.25 mb)Public 1.2 x 2.0 m or 1.2 x 2.1 m or 1.2 x 2.25 mThe size of an opening is indicated by number of modules where each module is of 100 mm.e.g.10 DS 20 OR 10 DT 20 size of opening=1
5、000 x 2000 mmD Door openingS Single shutterT Double shutterMaterials used for door frames TimberSteelAluminiumConcreteStoneGeneral specifications:Timber is sawn in the direction of grains.All members of frames are of same species of timber and be straight without any warp.The frames are smooth,well
6、planed surfaces except the surface touching wall lintel sill etc.The thickness of rebate is 15 mm and the width is equal to the thickness of shutter.Nominal size of door frame for single shutter is 75 X100 mm and for double shutter 75 X 125 mm.The back portion of door frame which in contact with wal
7、ls,lintels sill etc.is painted with bitumen or any anti-termite chemical.To protect door frame during construction priming coat is done before fixing.A minimum of 3 holdfasts shall be fixed on each side,one at the centre and the other two at 300 mm from top and bottom of the frame.Holdfasts and othe
8、r parts,which go into the masonry wall and thus not accessible for maintenance,shall be protected against moisture and decay,with a coating of coal tar or other suitable protective material.On the basis of working operationsHinged doors Battened type Framed and paneled Glazed/Sash Flushed Louvered W
9、ire-guage Revolving doors Sliding doors Swing doors Collapsible doors Rolling shutterHinged doors Most doors are hinged along one side to allow the door to pivot away from the doorway in one direction but not in the other.The axis of rotation is usually vertical.The most common door type.It is a sim
10、ple&rigid.The panel swings,opens and closes,on hinges.Hinged doors require a minimum amount of maintenance and cleaning,they are not expensive,and have an excellent insulating ability.However,they take up precious room space to swing in.Battened and ledged doorThe door consists of vertical boards i.
11、e.battens and three or four horizontal ledges.The vertical boards are tongue and grooved to stop draughts and the edges chamfered to relieve the plain appearance.Battens:100-150 mm wide and 20-30 mm thickLedges:200 mm wide and 25 30 mm thickThe door is hung to the frame by T-hinges of iron.The door
12、is commonly used for narrow openings for internal use where it is not subject to hard use,or where economy is of main consideration than the appearance.Battens:100-150 mm wide&20-30 mm thickLedges:100-200 mm thick&25-30 mm thickBraces:100-150 mm wide&25-30 mm thickNormally constructed using a Z-shap
13、ed frame with tongue-and-groove interlocking boards attached they can be quite heavy in weight but this can depend on the thickness of boards used.Due to their construction they are normally very strong and hardwearing and can also be planed and shaped to fit pretty much any door way.Such doors are
14、used for wider openings.The braces incline down towards the hinged side.The framework consists of vertical styles,three ledges and two inclined braces.The braces are normally housed into the rails at about 40 mm from the styles.The thickness of the styles and top rail is same which is equal to the t
15、hickness of braces and battens.This type is suitable for external door and door subjected to rough handling.These types of doors are widely used in all types of buildings since they are strong and give better appearance than battened doors.P a n e l d o o r s c o n s i s t o f v e r t i c a lme mbe
16、rs c a lle d stile s a nd horiz o n t a l m e m b e r scalled rails.Stiles and rails form the framework into which panels are inserted.Panels may be solid wood,plywood,particleboard or louvered orhave glass inserts.Additional vertical members called mullions are used to divide the door into any numb
17、er of panels.Panel Door-consists of wood panels held in place by wood stiles and rails panels and can be made from solid wood,plywood,metal or glass.They consist of two vertical stiles and horizontal rails enclosing the panels.The panels could be made of plywood,solid timber or glass.The more expens
18、ive type of glass panel door is fitted to the frame first and then the glass panels are added individually,this makes the door lighter to handle when hanging and cheaper to replace if the glass gets broken.Depending on the location and usage of the door,putty and beading may be used,but if the door
19、has a wood finish,beading alone will suffice.Silicone sealants are also available in a variety of finishes.The lock rail is so placed that its centre is at a height of 800-900 mm from the bottom of the shutter.Incase of timber panels,the minimum size of the panel shall be 150 x 15 mm,while max.are s
20、hall be 0.5 sq.m.Incase of plywood,there is no restriction on minimum and max.size.However,the thickness shall be at least 12 mm if single paneled and 10 mm for more panels.Joint between rails and stylesThis type is used in residential and public buildings.They supplement the natural lighting provid
21、ed by windows or to make the interior of the room visible from adjoining rooms.They can be made fully glazed or partly glazed.Fully glazed doors are recommended where sufficient light is required through the door openings like in shopping malls,entrance halls etc.Incase of partly glazed,the bottom 1
22、/3 rd part is usually paneled and upper 2/3 part is glazed.Fully Glazed Door Partly Glazed DoorPART GLYLAZED AND PARTLY PANELED DOOR WITH GUN-STOCK RAIL Flush DoorFlush doors are simply doors with a completely flat surface on both sides.Flush doors can come in solid format which is a door made of so
23、lid wood or hollow format which is lightweight and comprised of two layers of thin timber separated,usually,by a lightweight honeycomb core.The core is covered with either hardboard or plywood on both sides.Solid flush doors are usually used as fire-check doors.Flush doors are lighter and cheaper th
24、an other types.The flush door shutters are manufactured in standard thickness of 25,30,35 and 40 mm.Types:Solid core flush doorHollow core Cellular coreSolid core door consist of the framework of vertical stiles and top rail and bottom rail.The core consists of wooden strips(width not more than 25 m
25、m)glued together under high pressure OR block board or particle board.Plywood sheets/cross bands/face veneers are glued under high pressure to the assembly of core on both faces.Such doors are quite strong but heavy and require more material.Solid-core doors providebetter sound insulation and have l
26、esstendency to warp.The frame consists of styles,top rail,bottom rail and two intermediate rails,not less than 75 mm in width.The space between the styles and rails is filled by equally spaced battens each of minimum width 25 mm,such that voids are equally distributed and limited to 0.5 sq.m.Plywood
27、/veneers and cross bands can be glued from both sides.The thickness of plywood should not be less than 6 mm.Cellular coreThe frame is made up of styles and top and bottom rail.The space is filled with closely spaced battens of minimum 25 mm width such that the void area does not exceed 0.25 sq.m.Thu
28、s,the total area of voids should not exceed 40%of the area of the shutter.A louvered door has fixed or movable wooden louvers which permit open ventilation while preserving privacy and preventing the passage of light to the interior.They are most commonly used for bath and W.C.In residential and pub
29、lic buildings,where good ventilation is desired.The door may be louvered to its full height or may be partly louvered and partly paneled.The louvers are arranged in inclined fashion thus obstructs the vision but permits entry of air.Louvers may be fixed or movable.Louvers may be of timber,plywood or
30、 glass.However,they are difficult to clean.insideoutsidePARTLY LOUVERED AND PARTLY PANELED DOORSuch types are provided in public buildings,like banks,museums,hotels,offices etc.A revolving door normally has four wings/leaves that hang on a center shaft and rotate one way about a vertical axis within
31、 a round enclosure.The central shaft is fitted with ball bearing arrangement at the bottom,which allows the shutters to move without any jerk and making noise.The radiating shutters may be fully paneled,fully glazed or partly glazed.The glass doors allow people to see and anticipate each other while
32、 walking through.Vertical rubber pieces are provided at the rubbing end of the shutter to prevent drought of air.People can walk out of and into the building at the same time.The door closes automatically when not in use.Revolving doors are energy efficient by eliminating drafts,thus reducing the he
33、ating or cooling required for the building.The door may be motorized,or pushed manually using push bars.Revolving doors therefore create a good seal from the outside and help to reduce A/C and heating costs for climate control from the building.Revolving doors typically have a speed control to preve
34、nt people from spinning the doors too fast.Sliding doorsIn these doors,the shutter slide horizontally along tracks with the help of runners and rails.often for space orSliding glass doors are common in places where there is no space to swing the door.Such doors are very popular for use for the entra
35、nces to commercial structures and also in residential buildings for aesthetic considerations.Sliding doors consist of either one,two or three doors that slide by each other on a track depending upon the size of opening and space available for sliding.They are pretty easily cleaned and maintained.The
36、se doors sound insulation is pretty poor usually,and they must be of high quality and fitted exactly in their tracks or else they may slide out of them.When fully open these doors will allow half the space of the opening in double sliding doors,or one third if triple.Sliding doors move along metal,w
37、ood,or vinyl tracks fitted into their frames at the top and bottom.To ease their movement,sliding doors often have plastic rollers attached to the top and bottom or to the bottom only.The door is hung by two trolley hangers at the top of the door running in a concealed track while at the bottom,roll
38、ers are provided to slide the shutter in a channel track.The shutter is fitted to its frame by special double action hinges.The hinges permits the shutter to move both ways,inward as well as outward.The doors are not rebated at the meeting styles.To open the door,a slight push is made and the spring
39、 action brings the shutter in closed position.The return of the shutter is with force and thus,the door shall be either fully glazed Or provided with a peep hole at eye level,to avoid accidents.Made of many narrow vertical strips or creases that fold back to back into a compact bundle when doors are
40、 pushed open,these strips or creases will be hanged from the top,and run on a track.They save space as they do not swing out of the door opening,though their sound and weather isolation is poor.Folding doors are usually pretty noisy,and considered not so durableSuch doors are used in garages,worksho
41、ps,public buildings etc.to provide increased safety and protection to property.The doors do not require hinges to close or open the shutter nor the frame to hang them.It acts like a steel curtain.The door is made up from vertical double channels (20 x10 x2 mm),jointed together with the hollows on th
42、e inside to create a vertical gap.These channels are spaced at 100-120 mm apart and braced with diagonal iron flats.These diagonals allow the shutter to open or closed.The shutter operate between two rails,one fixed to the floor and other to the lintel.Rollers are mounted at the top and bottom.These
43、 are commonly used for shops,godowns,stores etc.The door shutter acts like a curtain and thus provides adequate protection and safety against fire and thefts.The shutter is made up of thin steel slabs called laths or slates about 1.25 mm thick interlocked to each other and coiled upon specially desi
44、gned pipe shaft called drum mounted at the top.The shutter moves in two vertical steel guide channels installed at their ends.The channel is made up of steel sheets and deep enough to accommodate the shutter and to keep it in position.A horizontal shaft and spring in the drum which allow the shutter
45、 to coiled in or out.These may be manually operated for smaller openings(upto 10 sq.m.).Above 10 sq.m.,they may be operated manually.WINDOWSFixed windows In this type,the glass pane is permanently fixed in the opening of the wall.The shutter cant be opened or closed.The function is limited to allowi
46、ng light and or permit vision in the room.No rebates are provided to the frame.The shutters are fully glazed.In homes they are generally decorative windows near doors,stairwells and high-places or are used in combination with other styles.Pivoted windowsIn this type of window,the shutter is capable
47、of rotating about a pivot fixed to window frame.The frame has no rebate.The shutter can swing horizontally or vertically.Horizontal pivoted Vertical pivoted It has two panes,top and bottom that slide up and down in tracks called stiles.The most common used windows today.When open,these windows allow
48、 air flow through half of its size.The two parts are not necessarily the same size.Traditionally,each shutter is provided with a pair of counterweights connected by cord or chain over pulleys.When the weights are pulled,the shutters open to required level.It is possible to have controlled ventilatio
49、n.Sash windows may be fitted with simplex hinges which allow the window to be locked into hinges on one side,while the rope on the other side is detached,allowing the window to be opened for escape or cleaning.Nowadays,most new double-hung sash windows use spring balances to support the sashes.Speci
50、al frames called boxed or cased frame is used,which consists of two vertical members spaced apart to create a groove to slide the shutter.A parting bead is provided in the groove of the frame to keep the two shutters apart.Only the bottom sash slides upward in a single-hung window.In single-hung win
