1、Chapter 2Chapter 2Universal Systems*Universal Systems Economic Systems Political Systems Educational Systems Marriage and Family Systems Social Hierarchies and Social Interaction*HDIU.S.4Australia 2Brazil84Canada 6China 101France20Germany 9India 134Japan12Mexico57Netherlands 3New Zealand 5Singapore2
2、6South Korea15United Arab Emirates30United Kingdom28Country Rank*France-The French Republic has 22 regions,divided into 96 departments.President is the head of state and serves a 7-year term.Prime minister is appointed by the President from the majority party in the National Assembly.Germany preside
3、nt is elected by members of the federal and state legislatures for a maximum of two 5-year terms.Chancellor is head of government,elected by the lower house of Parliament,the Federal Assembly.Japan-constitutional monarchy but emperor has no power.Prime minister,lower house,and upper house elected by
4、 the people.Prefectures(states)have governors elected by people.*Iran-Six religious leaders and six lay leaders make up Council of Guardians;council approves presidential candidates.Mexico-federal government with president elected by those over 18;voting is obligatory.President may serve only one te
5、rm,but senators and deputies may serve more than one term(terms cannot be consecutive).Federal government controls some industries and education.United Arab Emirates federation of seven emirates South Korea most members of government are elected.State council includes the president,prime minister,an
6、d 15-30 ministry heads.*World Economics Foreign competition Increased productivity World competition for positions Quality versus price Supernationalism Subnationalism*Formal andInformal Education Formal education-a formalized educational structure;education acquired in school Informal education-no
7、formal educational infrastructure*Education in the U.S.Learning concepts emphasized Students taught to think for themselves Emphasis on reasoning and developing intellectual abilities*Education in the U.S.Anybody can get into college in the United States.Malaysians,remarking on the easy accessibilit
8、y of American colleges and universities,compared U.S.schools unfavorably to that of the British who once ruled Malaysia and provided the model for their educational system.However,the Malaysians observed,“You Americans put men on the moon,so there must be something right about your system.”(Althen,2
9、003,p.102)*Education in Japan National curriculum is set up by the Ministry of Education.Lessons are compulsory;core subjects are Japanese,Math,and English.Teaching is considered a high status profession.Teachers must continue their professional involvement,be moral citizens,and be role models to st
10、udents.Schools differentiate by ability.Schools have high expectations for students.Parental involvement is very strong.*Social Stratification authority power property ownership income lifestyle occupation educational background altruistic activity kinship connections ties with volunteer association
11、sRanking of people in a society into higher and lower positions by other members of society,resulting in a hierarchy of respect and prestige.On what basis do we rank people?*Occupational RankingsU.S.Japan_Supreme Court justices Prefectural governorsPhysiciansUniversity professorsState governorsLocal
12、 judgesPresidents cabinet Officers in large firmsDiplomatsGovernment section headsMayors of large citiesDoctorsUniversity professorsArchitectsScientistsOwners of businessesCongressional leadersLabor union leadersBankersNewspaper reporters*Family Systems Nuclear family(father,mother,children)Extended
13、 family(grandparents,uncles,aunts,cousins)*Common Family Systems Polygyny(1 man,many wives)Arab countries/Islamic believers Polyandry(1 woman,many husbands)Polynesian nations Monogamy(1 husband and wife)North and South America,Europe Serial Monogamy(people remarry after divorce or death of spouse)U.
14、S.*Social Hierarchies/Interaction Social reciprocity-the way formal and informal communications are handled.Involves independent social reciprocity (avoids commitment)symmetrical-obligatory social reciprocity (people have an equal obligation)complementary-obligatory social reciprocity (people are fo
15、rever indebted to others)Group membership has two extremes people can belong to many groups or very few groups people in the middle try to balance group affiliation and personal freedom*Intermediaries-people who act as go-betweens with other people Formality-the degree of preciseness,regularity,or c
16、onformity expected within the society Property private(U.S.)utilitarian(Mexico)community(Native American)*Hierarchical Divisions Ethnic groups Social classes Castes Tribes Gender*HDI and Inequality-adjusted HDI Human Development Index(HDI)measures purchasing power,health,and education for the whole
17、population and for women.Inequality-adjusted HDI measures the inequalities between individuals within the country.Norway,Australia,and the Netherlands are 1,2,and 3 respectively on overall HDI;Norway is 1 and the Netherlands is 4 on Inequality HDI.(Australia was not reported.)U.S.is ranked 4 overall and 22 on Inequality HDI.
