1、Myers Myers PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Chapter 16Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders Psychological Disordera“harmful dysfunction”in which behavior is judged to be:atypical-not enough in itselfdisturbing-varies with time and culturemaladaptive-harmfulunjustifiable-sometimes theres a good reason
2、Historical Perspective Perceived Causesmovements of sun or moonlunacy-full moonevil spirits Ancient Treatmentsexorcism,caged like animals,beaten,burned,castrated,mutilated,blood replaced with animals bloodPsychological Disorders Medical Model concept that diseases have physical causes can be diagnos
3、ed,treated,and in most cases,cured assumes that these“mental”illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy,which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospitalPsychological Disorders Bio-Psycho-Social Perspectiveassumes that biological,sociocultural,and psychol
4、ogical factors combine and interact to produce psychological disordersPsychological DisordersPsychological Disorders-Etiology DSM-IV American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(Fourth Edition)a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders pre
5、sently distributed as DSM-IV-TR(text revision)Psychological Disorders-Etiology Neurotic Disorder(term seldom used now)usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially Psychotic Disorder person loses contact with reality experiences irrational ideas and distorted perc
6、eptionsAnxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders distressing,persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder person is tense,apprehensive,and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousalAnxiety Disorders Panic Disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of inte
7、nse dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain,choking,or other frightening sensationAnxiety Disorders Phobia persistent,irrational fear of a specific object or situation Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder unwanted repetitive thoughts(obsessions)and/or actions(compulsions)Anxi
8、ety Disorders Common and uncommon fearsAnxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/Compulsive disorder High metabolic activity(red)in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attentionMood Disorders Mood Disorders characterized by emotional extremes Major Depressi
9、ve Disorder a mood disorder in which a person,for no apparent reason,experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods,feelings of worthlessness,and diminished interest or pleasure in most activitiesMood Disorders Manic Episode a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive,wildly optimistic state Bipolar D
10、isorder a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania formerly called manic-depressive disorder Mood Disorders-DepressionMood Disorders-Depression Canadian depression ratesMood Disorders-SuicideMood Disorders-Bip
11、olar PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switchesDepressed stateManic stateDepressed stateMood Disorders-Depression Altering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the othersMood Disorders-Depression The vicious cycle of depression
12、 can be broken at any pointDissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders conscious awareness becomes separated(dissociated)from previous memories,thoughts,and feelings Dissociative Identity Disorder rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalit
13、ies formerly called multiple personality disorderSchizophrenia Schizophrenia literal translation“split mind”a group of severe disorders characterized by:disorganized and delusional thinkingdisturbed perceptionsinappropriate emotions and actionsSchizophrenia Delusions false beliefs,often of persecuti
14、on or grandeur,that may accompany psychotic disorders Hallucinations sensory experiences without sensory stimulationSchizophreniaSchizophreniaSchizophreniaSchizophreniaPersonality Disorders Personality Disorders disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social
15、functioning usually without anxiety,depression,or delusionsPersonality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder disorder in which the person(usually man)exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing,even toward friends and family members may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artistMood Disorders-Depression Boys who were later convicted of a crime showed relatively low arousalPersonality Disorders PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderers frontal cortexNormalMurdererPersonality DisordersRates of Psychological Disorders
