1、学好非谓语动词对于理解阅读材料学好非谓语动词对于理解阅读材料中结构比较复杂的长句，对于写作中结构比较复杂的长句，对于写作得高分非常有用。得高分非常有用。不定式不定式动名词动名词分词分词非谓语动词非谓语动词 分类分类不定式不定式动词不定式动词不定式无无人称和数的变化人称和数的变化但有但有时态时态和和语态语态的变化的变化不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能主语主语 宾语宾语 表语表语 定语定语 状语状语 补语补语时态时态/语态语态主动语态主动语态 被动语态被动语态一般式一般式 to write to write to be to be written written 进行式进行式 to be writ
2、ing to be writing 完成式完成式 to have to have written written to have been to have been written written 完成进行式完成进行式to have been to have been writing writing 1.作主语作主语侧重于动作的具体性和将来性侧重于动作的具体性和将来性To play basketball is a great pleasure.但为使句子平衡，常用it代它作主语，把它移到句子后部去。It is a great pleasure to play basketball.2.作宾语作
3、宾语跟不定式作宾语的常见动词跟不定式作宾语的常见动词:hope,want,expect,wish,desire,plan,intend,prepare,decide,determine,afford,fail,manage,try,dare,help,promise,refuse,learn,offer,agree,forget,bother,choose,ask,beg,pretend,afford,wait,threaten等等常跟疑问词常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词不定式作宾语的动词:tell,advise,show,teach,find out,decide,discuss,learn
4、,explain等等eg:They havent decided what to donext yet.3.作表语作表语A.表示按计划和安排将要发生的事情。表示按计划和安排将要发生的事情。eg:He is to marry Rose.B.表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性。表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性。eg:Her wish was to become an artist.C.表示情态意义表示情态意义(应该应该,必须必须)。eg:The form is to be filled in and returned within a week.She is to blame.4.不定式作定语不定式作定
5、语一般表示将发生的情况，放在名词后。一般表示将发生的情况，放在名词后。eg:Charles Lindbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone.（主谓关系）（主谓关系）eg:She has a good chance to go to college.（同位关系）（同位关系）eg:He has got lots of questions to ask.（动宾关系）（动宾关系）1.如果不定式与它所修饰的词有如果不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾动宾关系关系,而这而这个不定式中的动词又是个不定式中的动词又是不及物动词不及物动词,它后面应它后面应有必要的
6、有必要的介词介词。eg:There is nothing to worry about.2.不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的动作所发生不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的动作所发生的的地点地点或所使用的或所使用的工具工具时时,它后面要带上必要它后面要带上必要的介词。的介词。eg:I need a pen to write with.He is looking for a room to live in.5.不定式作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词(5种种)A.let,have,make,get等表使役的动词等表使役的动词eg:They made us go
7、with them.=We are made to go with them.注意注意:let/have/make sb.do;get sb.to doeg:They got us to go with them.B.ask,tell,request,order等表要求等表要求,命令的动词命令的动词The chairman requested the members to be silent.6.不定式作状语不定式作状语A.不定式作目的状语不定式作目的状语二、动名词二、动名词(一一)动名词的语法形式：动名词的语法形式：动名词动名词无无人称和数的变人称和数的变化，但有化，但有时态时态和和语态语态
8、的的变化。变化。(二二)动名词的句法功能：动名词的句法功能：具有名词的特征，可充具有名词的特征，可充当成分：当成分：主语主语 宾语宾语 表语表语 定语定语时态时态 语语态态主动语态主动语态 被动语态被动语态一般式一般式 doingdoingbeing being donedone 完成式完成式 having having donedonehaving having been been donedone 1.动名词作主语动名词作主语eg:Seeing is believing.Playing chess is fun.Its no use waiting here.动名词作主语的下列句型中，我们
9、一般用it作形式主语：v1）动名词在“It is no use/no good/fun/a waste of time/a good pleasure+doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。例如：veg:It is no good writing to him;he never answers letters.veg:It is no use talking too much.1）It is no use/no good/fun/a waste of time/a good pleasure+doing eg:It is no good writing to him;he never an
10、swers letters.eg:It is no use talking too much.2）There is(was)no+doing eg:There is no denying that she is very efficient.3）It is useless/nice/good/interesting/worthwhile+doingIt is nice playing chess after supper.下列句型要多记下列句型要多记2.动名词作表语动名词作表语v动名词作表语起名词作用动名词作表语起名词作用,表示主语的内容表示主语的内容,这这时动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的时动
11、名词和主语的位置是可以交换的eg:The nurses job is looking after the patients.Four skills of English learning are listening,speaking,reading and writing.注：动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语，没有太大区别。在表示经常习惯性动作多用动名词；在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。3.动名词作定语动名词作定语 动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，表示名词用途。有逻辑上的主谓关系，表示名词用途。a racing
12、 car=a car that is used to racea swimming pool=a pool that is used to swim in 4.动名词作宾语动名词作宾语1）动名词作）动名词作动词动词宾语宾语下列动词后只能接动名词下列动词后只能接动名词：有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语：feel like,have trouble/difficulty(in)doing sth.devote to,get used to,pay attention to,be fond of,stick to,be worth,cant stand,lead to,object to,get
13、down to,insist on,apologize for,be busy(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),spend time(in)等 eg:He got well-prepared for the job interview,for he couldnt risk losing the good opportunity.v2）动名词作介词宾语）动名词作介词宾语v注意注意:介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语,只能是动只能是动名词名词,不可用不定式。不可用不定式。eg:Are you good at playing
14、 football?v其他介词不易错，重点是介词其他介词不易错，重点是介词to。因为不定式符号。因为不定式符号也是也是to，所以一定要记住有关的短语。，所以一定要记住有关的短语。eg:I am used to watching TV in the evening.三、分词三、分词分类：分类：现在分词现在分词与与过去分词过去分词充当成分：充当成分：定语定语 状语状语 宾语补足语宾语补足语 表语表语（一）现在分词（一）现在分词(1)(1)现在分词现在分词无无人称和数的变人称和数的变化，但有化，但有时态时态和和语态语态的变化，的变化，其时态和语态的变化形式其时态和语态的变化形式与与动名词相同动名词相
15、同。(2)(2)现在分词的句法功能，具现在分词的句法功能，具有形容词和副词的特征，可有形容词和副词的特征，可充当成分：表语，定语，宾充当成分：表语，定语，宾语补足语，状语。语补足语，状语。时态时态 语态语态主动语态主动语态 被动语态被动语态一般式一般式 doingdoingbeing being donedone 完成式完成式 having having donedonehaving having been been donedone 1.现在分词作表语现在分词作表语v现在分词作表语起形容词作用，说明主语的现在分词作表语起形容词作用，说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能，常译为特征及主语所具备
16、的动作功能，常译为“使使(令令)怎样怎样”如如vThe news is very disappointing.vHis story is very moving.v(encouraging,inspiring,exciting,interesting.)2.现在分词作定语现在分词作定语v现在分词作定语现在分词作定语,表示主动意义表示主动意义,它与所修饰它与所修饰的名词构成的名词构成 主谓关系主谓关系,通常可改为定语从句。通常可改为定语从句。它从以下两方面来说明中心词。它从以下两方面来说明中心词。A.表示动作正在进行表示动作正在进行 Dont wake up the sleeping boy.=
17、Dont wake up the boy who is sleeping.I don t know the man writing something over there.=I don t know the man who is writing something over there.3.现在分词作宾语补足语现在分词作宾语补足语v用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的执行用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的执行者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系vA.作感官动词的宾补,如:see,look at,watch,notice,find,observe,listen to,hear,sme
18、ll taste,feel表示正在进行的意义 eg:We found them reading in the classroom.vB.作使役动词的宾补,如:have,get,keep,send,leave,catch“表示使进行/处于(某种状态)”,强调动作或状态的持续性 eg:Can you keep the clock going?4.现在分词作状语现在分词作状语v现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果果,让步、伴随或方式等状语。让步、伴随或方式等状语。1)作时间状语,可以表示三个时间概念vA.表示和谓语动作同时发生,相当于“as soon as”
19、引导的时间状语从句 eg:Hearing the good news,he jumped up with joy.=As soon as he heard the good news,he =On hearing the good news,he vB.谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的过程中,表示”在做某事期间”相当于由when/while 引导的时间状语从句。eg:Walking in the street,I came across an old friend.=When/While I was walking in the street,I came across an old frien
20、d.=When/While walking in the street,I came across vC.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。eg:Having done his homework,the boy went out to play.eg:Having written his composition,he began to do his Maths homework.v2)作原因状语,相当于由because/as 引导的原因状语从句。vA.和谓语动词的动作同时发生 eg:Being ill,he didnt go to school.=Because/As he
21、was ill,he didnt go Not knowing what to do next,he went to his teacher for advice.=Because/As he didnt know what to do next,he went to B.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。eg:Having seen the film many times,he didnt go to see it last night.3)作条件状语,相当于由 if 引导的条件状语从句 eg:(If)Using your head,you will find a way.
22、=If you use your head,you will find 4)作让步状语,相当于由 although/though 引导的让步状语从句 eg:Although/Though getting up early,he was late for the meeting.=Although/Though he got up early,he was late for the meeting.5)作伴随状语(方式状语),表示同谓语的动作同时发生,相当于由并列连词连接的两个并列动作。eg:They sat there on the stone,talking with each other.
23、=They sat there on the stone and talked with each other.6)作结果状语,现在分词的动作同谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生。eg:The mother died,leaving five children behind.They fired at the enemy,killing two.在一些表示说话者态度的固定表达方式中在一些表示说话者态度的固定表达方式中,分分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的。词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的。这种结构常见的有这种结构常见的有:1)generally speaking2)Judging from
24、/by3)Considering that/seeing that/supposing that注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。Practice1._ the program,they have to stay there for another two weeks.A.Not completing B.Not completedC.Not completing D.Not
25、having completed 2The manager,_ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us,left the meeting room.Awho has made Bhaving made Cmade Dmaking3The storm left,_a lot of damage to this area.Acaused Bto have caused Cto cause Dhaving caused4_from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many plan
26、ts and animals not found in any other country in the world.ABeing separatedBHaving separated CHaving been separatedDTo be separated（二）过去分词（二）过去分词(1)过去分词的语法形式过去分词的语法形式 过去分词无人称和数的变化也没有时态和语态的变化(done)(2)过去分词的句法功能过去分词的句法功能具有形容词和副词的特征，可充当成分表语 定语 宾语补足语 状语1.过去分词作表语过去分词作表语 过去分词作表语，相当于一个形容词，说明过去分词作表语，相当于一个形容词
27、，说明主语的状态。主语的状态。eg:He is gone.The glass is broken.He was lost in thought.They were deeply moved.注意：被动结构与系表结构的区别注意：被动结构与系表结构的区别 这两种结构形式都是be+过去分词。这两种结构的主要区别是：被动语态强调所发生的动作，而系表结构表示的是主语的特点或状态。eg:The cup was broken by my little brother.(被动结构)The cup is broken.(系表结构)2.过去分词作定语过去分词作定语vA.及物动词的过去分词作定语和它的逻辑主语的及物
28、动词的过去分词作定语和它的逻辑主语的关系是被动的。所表示的时间概念是完成。关系是被动的。所表示的时间概念是完成。The building built last year can hold 1,000 people =The building that was built last year canvB.不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成成与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系。与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系。fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen a retired worker=a worker who has reti
29、red the risen sun=the sun that has risen3.过去分词作宾补过去分词作宾补v过去分词作宾补，过去分词和宾语的关系是被动关过去分词作宾补，过去分词和宾语的关系是被动关系，说明宾语的状态，表示动作的完成。常用来做：系，说明宾语的状态，表示动作的完成。常用来做：v 感官动词see,look at,watch,notice,find,observe,listen to,hear,smell,taste,feelv 使役动词，have,get,keep,send,leave,catch的宾语补足语 eg:When I walked home,I saw a man
30、caught by the police.As soon as he returned home,he found his house broken into.He kept himself covered with a blanket.4.过去分词作状语过去分词作状语 过去分词可在句中作时间、条件、原因、让过去分词可在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步，方式或伴随情况等状语。过去分词无论步，方式或伴随情况等状语。过去分词无论作何种状语，它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主作何种状语，它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，而且存在着逻辑上的语，而且存在着逻辑上的被动被动关系。关系。eg:Seen from the t
31、op of the hill,the town looks even more beautiful.=If the town is seen from the top of the hill,the town =When the town is seen from the top of the hill,the town eg:Deeply moved by the story,the children began to cry.=As/Because they were deeply moved by the story,the children.Practice1._ more atten
32、tion,the tree could have grown better.A.Given B.To give C.Giving D.Having given.2.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A.having written B.to be written C.being written D.written3._ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.A.Losing
33、 B.Having lost C.Lost D.To lose 4.The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it.A.begins B.having begun C.beginning D.begun一、分析句子结构一、分析句子结构二、分析逻辑主语二、分析逻辑主语三、分析语态三、分析语态四、分析时态四、分析时态 一、分析句子结构一、分析句子结构 1._many times,but he still couldnt understand it.A.Having been told B.To be
34、told C.He was told D.Though he was told分析：用连词but引导并列句子，因此，前面也是个独立句子。2._many times,he still couldnt understand it.A.Having been told B.To be told C.He was told D.Though he was told分析：句中用逗号隔开，且无连词引导，因此，前面不是句子结构，只是句子的一个成分。二、分析逻辑主语二、分析逻辑主语 非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做
35、逻辑主语。非谓语动词作者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。自己的逻辑主语。1._ no buses,we have to walk home.2._ Sunday,I shall have a quiet day at home.A.There being B.It were C.There were D.It being 分析：句1.表示“没有公共汽车”，应用“there be”结构，即逻辑主语是“the buses”，故选A。句2.同理选D。三、分析语态三、分析
36、语态分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是用时是主动主动还是还是被动关系被动关系。1._from space,the earth looks blue.2._from space,we can see the earth is blue.A.Seen B.Seeing C.To see D.See 分析：句1.“地球被看”，表被动，故选A，用过去分词表被动。句2.我们“主动看”即表主动，故选B。四、分析时态四、分析时态在选定了主动或被动后，还要考在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时
37、态。虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态。1.The building _now will be a gym.2.The building _next year will be a gym.3.The building _last year is a gym.A.having been built B.to be built C.being built D.built分析：句1中 now 说明大楼正在被修，故用进行式，选C。句2中next year 说明大楼将在明年被修，故用表将来的不定式，选B。句3中 last year 说明大楼已被修，但不能选A，因为现在分词的完成式不能作定语，故用过去分词，选D。
