1、句子成分与结构句子成分与结构 目 录句子成分there be 句型句子的分类句子的结构句子成分句子成分句子的组成成分叫句子成分。句子的成分分为主要成分和次要成分。句子成分次要成分：宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语。主要成分：主语、谓语主语主语1.主语主语是句子叙述的主体，表示所说的是谁或是什么。可充当主语的有名词、代词、动名词和不定式。主语1)名词作主语The breakfast is delicious.2)代词作主语They are students.主语主语主语2.谓语谓语表示主语的动作、行为或状态。由动词或动词短语来充当，且谓语必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致。谓语只能由动词或
2、动词短语来充当。谓语谓语谓语1）动词或动词短语作谓语She likes apples.The war broke out in 1939.2)“情态动词+动词原形”作谓语We can get there on time.谓语谓语谓语宾语宾语3.宾语宾语表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语可以由名词、代词、不定式、动名词充当。宾语宾语宾语1).名词作宾语She likes apples.2)代词作宾语。I saw her last month.宾语宾语宾语3).动名词作宾语He enjoys reading.4)不定式作宾语。We need to get there on time.宾语4.表语
3、表语位于系动词后，说明主语的身份、特征、性质、状态。表语表语表语5.定语定语是修饰名词或代词的句子成分，可分为前置定语和后置定语。定语可由名词、形容词、代词、不定式、分词等来充当。形容词、名词作定语时，放在所修饰名词或代词前；定语定语定语定语定语1).名词作定语many apple trees，a tea cup,some orange juice2).形容词作定语the blue sky，a red apple,a pretty girl定语定语定语3).不定式作定语The boy to write this letter is Tom.I need something to eat.4).
4、分词作定语The pen bought by her is made in China.定语定语定语5).代词作定语Her face is round.6).副词作定语The man there is our teacher.定语状语状语6.状语状语用来修饰动词、副词、形容词或句子，说明时间、地点、原因、结果、条件、目的、方式等。可以由副词、介词、不定式短语和从句来充当。状语状语状语1)副词(短语)作状语The boy needs a pen very much.2)介词短语作状语He lost his keys in the classroom.状语状语状语3)不定式作状语The boy n
5、eeds a pen to do his homework.状语宾语补足语宾语补足语7.宾语补足语宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语。可由名词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、副词来充当。宾补宾语补足语宾语补足语1)名词作“宾补”We call the dog DingDing.2)形容词作“宾补”We must keep the desk clean.宾补宾语补足语宾语补足语3)不定式作“宾补”Miss Li teaches us to play the piano.4)分词作“宾补”I saw her entering the classroom.He did not notice his wall
6、et stolen.过去分词作“宾补”，表示主句和动词之间存在被动关系现在分词作“宾补”，表示主语和动作之间存在主动关系；宾补同位语同位语8.同位语同位语是指用两个或两个以上的词语指代同一个事物。通常由名词、代词、数词担任。同位语同位语同位语1)名词作同位语We students should study hard.2)代词作同位语We each could get a chance to join the game.3)数词作同位语。We two like playing basketball.同位语独立结构独立结构1)感叹词：感叹词多置于句首。Oh,my god!2)称呼语。可置于句首、句
7、中、句尾。Hi everyone./Sit down,Lucy.3)插入语。比如 I think,I believe,等。The story,I think,is really interesting.同位语there be 句型用以表达“某处（或某时）有某人（或某物）”there 没有实际意义，be和后面的名词在数方面必须一致。there be 句型There be1.肯定式：There be+主语+其他There is a table in the room.There are some birds on the tree.There is some water in the bottle
8、.不可数名词当作“单数”看！There be如果there be句型后是并列主语，按就近原则确定be的单复数形式。There is a pen,two books and many pencils on the desk.There are two books,a pen and many books on the desk.There is some coffee and some apples in the bottle.there be句型的就近原则句型的就近原则There be1.There _(be)two boys and one girl in the team.2.There_
9、(be)a table,two computers and three chairs in the room.3.There_(be)some paper and a pen on the desk.练习练习Tips:paper翻译为纸时不可数，paper翻译为报纸、论文、试卷时可数。There be2.否定式：There be+not+主语+其他There is not（isnt）a table in the room.There are not（arent）some birds on the tree.There is not（isnt）any water in the bottle.不可
10、数名词当作“单数”看！is not=isnt;are not=arentThere beThere is some water in the bottle.There is not（isnt）any water in the bottle.some用于肯定句中，any用于否定句、疑问句中。There be3.一般疑问句：Be+there+主语+其他?(be跟主语的数保持一致)-Is there a table in the room?-Yes,there is./No,there isnt.-Are there some birds on the tree?-Yes,there are./No
11、,there arent.Is there any water in the bottle?-Yes,there is./No,there isnt.There beThere is some water in the bottle.Is there any water in the bottle?some用于肯定句中，any用于否定句、疑问句中。There be4.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be+there+其他？How many students are there in the classroom?There be5.一般将来时：there will be或 there be going
12、to beThere will be a football match tomorrow.There is going to be a concert on Friday evening.There behave/has表示“某人拥有某物”，表示所有、拥有关系there be句型表达的是“在某个地方存在某人、某物等”。She has 14 books.There are 14 books in her bag.have和和there be的区别的区别There be句子分类句子分类句子分类按照结构划分按使用目的划分陈述句、疑问句祈使句、感叹句简单句、并列句、复合句句子分类句子分类1.陈述句用来
13、阐述观点、说明事实或表明看法、态度等。包括肯定句和否定句。1)肯定句。She is a teacher.陈述句句子分类句子分类2)否定句。a.句中有系动词be，情态动词或助动词，在这些词后面直接加not.She is a teacher.-She si not(isnt)a teacher.He can dance.He can not(cant)dance.陈述句句子分类句子分类b.谓语动词只有实义动词，则根据人称和时态相应在动词前加dont、doesnt或didnt.She likes apples.She doesnt like apples.陈述句句子分类句子分类2.疑问句 提出问题的
14、句子。疑问句的四种类型：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句。疑问句句子分类句子分类1）一般疑问句 只能回答“是”或“不是”的句问。-Do you like bananas？-Yes,I do./No,I dont.疑问句句子分类句子分类一般疑问句的构成：1.若句子包含助动词、情态动词或系动词be，把它们放到主语前面。She is Anna.Is she Anna?He can dance.?回答：Yes，主语+be动词/情态动词 No,主语+be动词/情态动词+not疑问句句子分类句子分类2.若句子不含助动词、情态动词或系动词be，借助助动词do/does/did构成一般疑问句。(
15、注意还原动词)She likes white.Does she like white?I have a baseball.Do you have a baseball?回答：Yes，主语+助动词.No,主语+助动词+not.疑问句句子分类句子分类2）特殊疑问句 以疑问代词(what,who,whose,which)或疑问副词（when,where,how,why）开头的问句。需要根据实际情况进行回答.Where are you from?I am from Beijing.疑问句句子分类句子分类特殊疑问句的构成1.特殊疑问句作主语时，与陈述语序相同。（主语+谓语）Who is over the
16、re?Who told you the news?Who likes white?疑问句句子分类句子分类特殊疑问句的构成2.特殊疑问句作宾语、状语和表语时，用“疑问词+一般疑问句”Which one do you like?What are you doing?Where are you plan to go for your holiday?疑问句句子分类句子分类常见的疑问词的用法：疑问句疑问词疑问词意义意义作用作用who谁指人（主语或宾语）whom谁指人（作宾语）whose谁的之所属关系，其后一般接名词。which哪个/哪些指人或指物，在一定范围内进行选择what什么指人或指物句子分类句子
17、分类常见的疑问词（词组）的用法：疑问句疑问词疑问词意义意义作用作用when什么时候询问时间where哪里询问地点why为什么询问原因how怎样，如何询问手段、方式、工具等。句子分类句子分类常见的疑问词（词组）的用法：疑问句疑问词疑问词意义意义作用作用how old多大询问年龄how many多少询问可数名词数量how much多少询问不可数名词的数量或价格how far多远询问距离how long多长，多久询问长度或时间段how soon多久询问时间句子分类句子分类3)选择疑问句：提出两个或多个选项，要求从中选择一项作为答语的问句。如：-Is Tom a worker or a driver?
18、-He is a driver.疑问句句子分类句子分类4)反义疑问句：提出一个陈述，然后相反方向问“是”或“不是”的句问。如：Tom is a driver,isnt he?Tom isnt a driver,is he?反义疑问句的构成：反义疑问句的构成：“前肯后否，前否后肯前肯后否，前否后肯”疑问句句子分类句子分类3.祈使句 表示请求、命令的句子。1)以动词原形开头。如：Be careful.Open the door,please.2)以let 开头,构成:Let sb do。如：Let us（Lets）go to the park.Let us=lets祈使句句子分类句子分类祈使句的否
19、定形式：1)一般情况下，在句首加dont.Open the door,please.-Dont open the door,please.2)Let型：在let与动词原形之间加notLets go to the park.-Lets not go to the park.祈使句句子分类句子分类4.感叹句 表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈情感的句子。一般以how或what开头，how修饰形容词和副词，what修饰名词。（名词前可有形容或冠词）What a clever kid she is!=How clever the kid is!感叹句感叹句的结构感叹句的结构1)What+(a/an)+形容词+名
20、词+(主语+谓语)！What a clever boy he is！What an interesting story it is！What fine weather it is!感叹句感叹句的结构感叹句的结构2)How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！How kind you are!How beautifully you sing!How fast he runs！感叹句感叹句的结构感叹句的结构2)How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+(主语+谓语)！How clever a boy he is!How cute a cat it is!How pretty a girl she is!感叹句
21、句子的结构句子的结构简单句就是只包含一个主谓结构的句子。I like apples.She goes to school on foot.They are students.简单句简单句的五种基本句型简单句1.主语+谓语(S+V)They|come.The sun|rose.She|goes home by bus.Ill|go swimming.不及物动词简单句的五种基本句型简单句2.主语+谓语+宾语She|enjoys|reading.They|like|classical music.He|doesnt like|math.I|want|to have lunch at 12.及物动词接
22、不定式作宾语的词？ask，decide，need，want接分词作宾语的词？enjoy，finish，mind，practice简单句的五种基本句型简单句3.主语+系动词+表语He|is|a student.The dinner|smells|good.look well，sound great，feel good，smell bad简单句的五种基本句型简单句4.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语The old man|told|us|a story.She|gave|me|a new book.He|teaches|us|math.简单句的五种基本句型简单句4.主语+谓语+直接宾语+介词+间接宾
23、语。She|gave|a new book|to|me.My mom|bought|a schoolbag|for me.简单句的五种基本句型简单句间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有：bring,give,lend,pass,pay,read,sell,send,show,teach,tell,wish,write等。bring sb.sth.=bring sth.to sb.间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有：buy,make 等。buy sb.sth.=buy sth.for sb.简单句的五种基本句型简单句5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语We|named|our baby|Tom.Th
24、e teacher|made|us|laugh.I|saw|him|out.只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。简单句的五种基本句型并列复合句并列句是由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接在一起的句子。比如and,but,while,yet,or等。I help him and he helps me.He is old but he is in good health.简单句的五种基本句型主从复合句由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子叫主从复合句。可以分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、状语从句、定语从句。What he said|made|me|very angry.This is because you are too careless.
