1、01英语语法学什么？英语语法学什么？1.词法（实词和虚词）词法包括各类词的形态极其变化，如名词的数格，动词的时态、语态等。2.句法（句子成分、句子种类、从句、短语）句法研究的是句子的结构，包括句子的种类和类型，各种句子成分、语序以及遣词造句的规律等等。词法学单词学什么？形式 form词类（词性）parts of speech搭配用法 collocation 词的分类根据词义、句法功能及其形式特征，英语中的词汇分根据词义、句法功能及其形式特征，英语中的词汇分为十类：为十类：名、代、数、副、动、冠、介、连、叹名、代、数、副、动、冠、介、连、叹。1 1）实词实词：具有实际意义，并能在句子中独立担任成
2、：具有实际意义，并能在句子中独立担任成分。实词在剧中需要分。实词在剧中需要重读重读，包括，包括名词、代词、数词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词和动词形容词、副词和动词六类。六类。2 2）虚词虚词：没有没有实际意义实际意义或或实际意义实际意义不明显不明显，在句中，在句中不能独立担任句子成分不能独立担任句子成分。虚词在句子中一般。虚词在句子中一般不重读不重读，包括冠词、介词、连词和感叹词四类。包括冠词、介词、连词和感叹词四类。名词就其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。专有名词：Beijing Smith the United Nations普通名词：可数名词可
3、分为个体名词（如：man expert factory）和集合名词（如：audience（观众）class family）不可数名词可分为物质名词（如：water coal rice）和抽象名词（如：surprise honour help ）1.一般情况，直接加-s。如：port(港口)ports technique（技术）techniques2.以s，x，ch，sh结尾发【s s】、【】、【t t】、【ksks】音的词，加-es。如：bus buses box boxes bush bushes branch branches stomach stomachs（stomach词尾发【k】，
4、故复数直接加-s）3.辅音字母+y，变y为i，加-es。如：university universities注：y前为元音字母，直接加-s。如：boy boys4.以o结尾有生命的，加-es。（常见四个）：hero heroes（英雄）Negro Negroes（黑奴）potato potatoes（土豆）tomato tomatoes（西红柿）5.以O结尾无生命的，及部分外来词直接加-s。如：zoo zoos radio radios piano pianos photo photos6.以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-es.（常见九个）wife wives knife knives w
5、olf wolvesthief thives shelf shelves self selveslife lives（生命）half halves leaf leaves以下f结尾单词直接加-s。belief beliefs（信念）roof roofs（屋顶）proof proofs（证据）safe safes（保险柜）chief chiefs（首领）gulf gulfs（海湾）7.不规则变化。man men woman women foot feettooth teeth goose geese mouse miceox oxen child children注：有些可数名词的单复数相同，要
6、求根据上下文的意义来确定其是单数还是复数。如：sheep 羊;fish 鱼;deer 鹿;means 手段,方法;works 工厂,作品;series 系列.注：有些可数名词，只有单数形式，但表示复数意义。如果作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：cattle 牛;people 人民;police 警察。注：集合名词既可看作单数（作为整体），也可看作复数（作为集体的各个成员）。如：audience 观众;class 班级;family 家庭;group 小组。例句：Her family is well-known in the region.她家在该地区是名门望族。His family are qu
7、arrelling severely about the property.她的家人正在为分家产激烈的争吵。物质名词、抽象名词均属不可数名词。前面不能加不定冠词a/an，词尾也不能加-s。请牢记下列典型的不可数名词。news 消息；information 信息；advice 忠告，建议；progress 进步，发展；knoeledge 知识；weather 天气；fun 乐趣；equipment 设备；English 英语；furniture 家具；wealtjh 财富；damage 损坏；traffic 交通，车辆及行人；baggage/luggage 行李；clothing 衣服，衣着 w
8、ord 消息，信息；work 工作；homework 家庭作业；housework 家务。注：部分抽象名词可与a(an)连用，此时词义发生变化，表示某种事或人。这些词有：surprise,pleasure,shock,honour,help,success等。当这类词在句子中作表语，作宾补及在介词as之后，词义发生变化，通常要加a/an。paper表示“纸”不可数。表示“报纸、论文、书面作文、试卷、文件、有价证劵”为可数名词。例题解析1.How many _ would you like?Two，please.A.cups of tea B.cup of teas C.cups of teas
9、 D.cup of tea【答案】A【解析】此题旨在考查不可数名词的数量的表示法。tea是不可数名词，无复数。如要表示多数，量词要用复数形式。形式为：a cup of tea（一杯茶），two cups tea（两杯茶）。故选A。2.Mrs.Green is _ mother.A.Mary and Kate B.Marys and Kates C.Marys and Kate D.Mary and Kates【答案】D【解析】此题旨在考查名词所有格的用法。如果表示某物为两个（或两个以上）共有，则只需要在后一个名词词尾加-s。如果不是共有，则要在每个名词后都加-s。故选D。3.Today is
10、September 10th.Its _ Day.Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A.Teachers B.Teachers C.the Teachers D.Teachers【答案】B【解析】此题旨在考查表示节日的专有名词的用法。其一，节目前面不用冠词；其二，前面的名词要用复数形式的所有格（除Mothers Day，Fathers Day例外）。如：Womens Day,Childrens Day等。故选B。4.In Britain _ are all printed red.A.letter boxes B.letters box
11、es C.letter box D.letters box【答案】A【解析】此题是考查名词作定语，大多数名词作定语的词组变为复数时，只需把被修饰的名词变为复数即可，如：book shop book shops;room number room numbers;而当man/woman 修饰名词时例外，如：man doctors men doctors;woman teacher women teachers.5.Which is the _ to the bus stop,please?A.road B.way C.street D.address【答案】B【解析】这是考查同义词辨析，road
12、是指较宽阔的大道，意为“乡间公路”，而 street 意为道路两边的建筑物较高，可视为街道之意，而 way 则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径，还可引申为方式、方法，而 address 则为“地址”。如：There is a car running along the country road.I live at 105 Park street.Can you show me the way to the National Museum?故选B。实义动词系动词助动词情态动词Patrick Star is eating a hamburger.The boy still stands here.表示
13、动作或者状态的词 定义：能独立作谓语的动词 及物动词 (transitive verb)（vt）分类 不及物动词 (intransitive verb)（vi）及物动词后必须加宾语 I like very much.I like English very much.They call me.They call me Mary.Please pass me.Please pass me the salt.Horses run fast.He jumps very high.不及物动词无需接宾语Mike is studying Maths（n.).Mike studies hard.有些动词既是及
14、物动词又是不及物动词系动词系动词soundsmellfeeltastelook 描述状态变化过程描述状态变化过程He is getting worse and worse.The man fell asleep two hours ago.Its growing warm.Maple trees turn red in autumn.The sun rose red.She stopped and stood quite still.The book lay open on the table.He married young.用系动词的适当形式填空 1.You _very young.2.A
15、t first those questions _ easy,but later I found them difficult.3.After the sports meeting,he _very tired.4.My younger brother _a student last year.5.When we_ up,were going to help build up our country.6.The flowers _very sweet.7.Her face _red.8.Jack _very happy.9.The mooncake _good.10.The meat _ ba
16、d.looksseemedlookswasgrowsmellturnslookstastestastes I was doing my homework all afternoon.Many trees are planted in the park last Sunday.I have learned English for 8 years.I dont want to watch TV.They will leave in two hours.I shall be 16 years old next year.助动词 be助动词 have/has/had情态助动词 will/shall助动
17、词（Auxiliary Verb)助动词用来构成时态和语态，助动词具有语法意义，但除情态助动词之外没有词汇意义，不可单独作谓语。主要分为三类：1）基本助动词（Primary Auxiliary)：be,do,have 2)情态助动词(Modal Auxiliary):can/could,may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,ought to,dare/dared,need,used to3)半助动词(semi-auxiliary):have to,seem toA表能力 can/couldB表推测 can/must/might/mayC表必要性 need
18、/have toD表请求 should/shall/mayE半情态动词 need/dare He can play basketball.Mary went to Shanghai last week,so she cant be here.I could swim when I was 7 years old.表能力 “能，会”表猜测、怀疑 用于否定、疑问句can的过去式，表示过去的能力 可能，也许 He may/might come tomorrow.might 语气更弱 表请求（might 语气更委婉）May I come in?-No,you mustnt/cant.（不可以，禁止）用
19、法例句must必须 I must go now.表推测“一定”-Someone is koncking the door.-It must be Tom.“must”在句首的疑问句-Must I finish the homework today?-No,you neednt/dont have to.答句不能用mustnt 情态动词：表示“需要、必须”Need I do the exercise now?-Yes,you must./No,you neednt.实义动词：sb.need(s)sth.某人需要某物 sb.need to do sth.sth.need doing 某事需要被做=
20、sth.need to be done用need 提问时，肯定回答为 must，否定回答为 neednt或dont have toshould shall should 表示义务、责任We should obey traffic rules.shall 征求意见（第一人称）Shall we go shopping today?警示、命令、允诺（第二、三人称）You shall hand in your homework on time.will vs would用法例句will1.请求、询问（第二人称）2.意愿 Will you pass me the book?We will do anyt
21、hing thing for you.将来时 They will have a meeting tomorrow.wouldwill 的过去式 表示过去的意愿或委婉的询问Would you tell me the way to the station.1.John_ come to see us tonight,but he isnt very sure yet.A.may B.can C.has to D.must 2.They _ do well in the exam.A.can be able to B.be able to C.can able to D.are able to 3.
22、May I take this book out?No,you_.A.cant B.may not C.neednt D.arent 4.You_ go and see a doctor at once because youre got a fever.A.can B.must C.dare D.would 情态动词练习情态动词练习1.They _(visit)the museum last week.2.Zhang Hong _(make)many friends since she came to Paris.3.She _(go)to the cinema with her class
23、mates tomorrow evening.4.John is always busy.He _(sleep)only six hours very night.5.Stay here;boy;dont go out.It _(rain)now.visitedhas madewill gosleepsis raining6.She often _(do)her lessons after supper.7.Hurry up!The train _(leave)in five minutes.8.They _(arrive)in London on the night of April 30,1989.9.While we _(talk)in the room,the light suddenly went out.10.They _(learn)about 200 English words since this term.doeswill leavearrivedwere talkinghave learned
