1、初中英语语法初中英语语法第十三章第十三章(2)句子种类与结构句子种类与句子结构句子种类与句子结构【思考】什么是【思考】什么是句子种类句子种类?什么是句子结构?什么是句子结构?英语句子按照使用目的和交际功能可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。英语句子按照句子的结构划分,有简单句、并列句和复合句。句子种类句子种类【目录】【目录】一、陈述句一、陈述句 陈述句用来叙述一件事情或表明说话人的看法、态度等陈述句用来叙述一件事情或表明说话人的看法、态度等,句尾用句号句尾用句号,一般一般读读降调降调。陈述句的语序一般为陈述句的语序一般为“主语部分主语部分+谓语部分谓语部分”1.1.陈述句的肯定形式陈述句的肯
2、定形式陈述句的肯定形式分为两种,一种为正常语序陈述句的肯定形式分为两种,一种为正常语序,一种为倒装语序。一种为倒装语序。I know you will come whatever difficulty you might come acrossI know you will come whatever difficulty you might come across.我知道不管遇到什么样的困难你都会来的。我知道不管遇到什么样的困难你都会来的。(正常语序正常语序)Here comes the bus full of children from the US!Here comes the bus
3、full of children from the US!满载美国儿童的公共汽车驶过来了满载美国儿童的公共汽车驶过来了!(!(倒装语序倒装语序)一、陈述句一、陈述句2.2.陈述句的否定形式陈述句的否定形式(1)(1)如果句子的谓语含有如果句子的谓语含有 be be动词助动词或情态动词等动词助动词或情态动词等,其否定形式是在这些词其否定形式是在这些词之后加之后加notnot。I I am notam not good at Chinese but excellent atJapanese.good at Chinese but excellent atJapanese.我汉语不好我汉语不好,但日
4、语很好但日语很好I I have nothave not heard the latest news about the football match.heard the latest news about the football match.我还没听到有关足球比赛的最新消息。我还没听到有关足球比赛的最新消息。She She cannotcannot play the piano well,though she has been learning it play the piano well,though she has been learning it since a smallchild
5、.since a smallchild.尽管她从很小时就学弹钢琴尽管她从很小时就学弹钢琴,但仍弹不好。但仍弹不好。一、陈述句一、陈述句2.2.陈述句的否定形式陈述句的否定形式(2(2)如果句子的谓语是实义动词如果句子的谓语是实义动词,其否定形式是在实义动词前用其否定形式是在实义动词前用“助动词助动词(do.does.did)+not”(do.does.did)+not”We We dontdont go to school on Sundays,but we do on Saturdays.go to school on Sundays,but we do on Saturdays.我们星期天
6、不上学我们星期天不上学,但星期六上学。但星期六上学。She She doesntdoesnt like coffee,like coffee,while while I I do like it.do like it.她不喜欢咖啡她不喜欢咖啡,但我确实喜欢但我确实喜欢一、陈述句一、陈述句2.2.陈述句的否定形式陈述句的否定形式(3)(3)其他表示否定意义的词其他表示否定意义的词,如如 no no,never,seldomnever,seldom、hardly hardly 等也可构成否定等也可构成否定形式形式I have I have nevernever been to Sydney,but
7、 how I wish I had been there!been to Sydney,but how I wish I had been there!我从未去过悉尼我从未去过悉尼,但我多么希望我去过那里啊但我多么希望我去过那里啊!IcanIcan hardlyhardly believebelieve hishis story.story.我几乎不相信他的故事我几乎不相信他的故事。二、疑问句二、疑问句1.1.一般疑问句一般疑问句(1 1)BeBe动词动词+主语主语+表语表语.?.?AreAre your parents doctors?your parents doctors?你父母都是医生
8、吗你父母都是医生吗?肯定回答:肯定回答:Yes,they are.Yes,they are.否定回答:否定回答:No,they arentNo,they arentWas the little girl nervous when she saw you?Was the little girl nervous when she saw you?这个小女孩见到你的时候紧张了吗这个小女孩见到你的时候紧张了吗?二、疑问句二、疑问句1.1.一般疑问句一般疑问句(2 2)助动词助动词/情态动词情态动词+主语主语+谓语谓语(实义动词实义动词).?).?Did you enjoy yourself in ou
9、r city?Did you enjoy yourself in our city?你在我们城市玩得愉快吗你在我们城市玩得愉快吗?肯定回答:肯定回答:Yes,I did.Yes,I did.否定回答:否定回答:No,I did not.No,I did not.Can you bring mesomeapples?Can you bring mesomeapples?你能给我拿些苹果来吗你能给我拿些苹果来吗?二、疑问句二、疑问句1.1.一般疑问句一般疑问句注意:注意:回答否定句式的一般疑问句时,应根据事实情况作答并保持回答否定句式的一般疑问句时,应根据事实情况作答并保持“Yes+“Yes+肯肯
10、定句定句”和和“No+“No+否定句否定句”的一致的一致,yes,yes译成译成“不不”,no”,no译成译成“是是”。-HavenHavent t youyou been to England?been to England?你没到过英格兰吗你没到过英格兰吗?-No,INo,I havenhavent./Yest./Yes,I I havehave.是的是的,没去过。没去过。/不不,我去过。我去过。二、疑问句二、疑问句2.2.特殊疑问句特殊疑问句特殊疑问句有特殊疑问词特殊疑问句有特殊疑问词whowhowhenwhenwherewherewhywhywhatwhathowhowwhich wh
11、ich 二、疑问句二、疑问句2.2.特殊疑问句特殊疑问句特殊疑问句的考查重点在特殊疑问词的选择特殊疑问句的考查重点在特殊疑问词的选择,对答语的正确解读是解题的关键对答语的正确解读是解题的关键-_-_dictionary is this?Its very nicedictionary is this?Its very nice.-I think its Marys.I think its Marys.A.WhoA.WhoB.WhoseB.Whosec.Whomc.Whom 答案答案BB二、疑问句二、疑问句3.3.选择疑问句选择疑问句这种疑同句有两种形式这种疑同句有两种形式:一种是以一般疑问句为基
12、础一种是以一般疑问句为基础,另一种是以特殊疑问句为基础。供选择的部分用另一种是以特殊疑问句为基础。供选择的部分用o or r连接。连接。-Is your mother a teacher-Is your mother a teacher oror a doctor?a doctor?你母亲是教师还是医生你母亲是教师还是医生?-She is a doctor.She is a doctor.她是一名医生。她是一名医生。-Who is taller,Mickey or Jimmy?Who is taller,Mickey or Jimmy?谁个子更高谁个子更高,米基还是吉米米基还是吉米?二、疑问句
13、二、疑问句3.3.选择疑问句选择疑问句选择疑问句的答语必须是完整的句子或其省略形式选择疑问句的答语必须是完整的句子或其省略形式,不能用不能用yesyes或或nono-Do you go to school by bike or on foot?-Do you go to school by bike or on foot?你自行车还是步行去上学你自行车还是步行去上学?-On foot.-On foot.步行。步行。-Can you speak German or French?-Can you speak German or French?你会说德语还是法语你会说德语还是法语?-German.
14、German.德语。德语。二、疑问句二、疑问句4.4.反意疑问句反意疑问句反意疑问句是在陈述句后附加一个简短问句反意疑问句是在陈述句后附加一个简短问句(又称附加问句又称附加问句),),提出对前面陈提出对前面陈述句所陈述事情的肯定或否定的意见,述句所陈述事情的肯定或否定的意见,或者希望事实得到证实或者希望事实得到证实。反意疑问句须遵循反意疑问句须遵循“前肯后否前肯后否,前否后肯前否后肯”原则原则,附加问句的主语和动词及时附加问句的主语和动词及时态均须与陈述部分一致态均须与陈述部分一致,且主语用人称代词。且主语用人称代词。This magazineThis magazine is is yours
15、 yours,isnt itisnt it?这本杂志是你的这本杂志是你的,不是吗不是吗?Lucy oftenLucy often goes goes to the theater,to the theater,doesnt shedoesnt she?露西经常去看戏露西经常去看戏,不是吗不是吗?三、祈使句三、祈使句1.1.第二人称祈使句,通常省略主语第二人称祈使句,通常省略主语Be sure to come on time.Be sure to come on time.务必按时来务必按时来Dont ever do that again.Its highly dangerousDont eve
16、r do that again.Its highly dangerous 不要再做那样的事了。太危险了。不要再做那样的事了。太危险了。特别提示特别提示第二人称祈使句的主语通常不表示出来第二人称祈使句的主语通常不表示出来,有时为了强调指明向谁提出要求或有时为了强调指明向谁提出要求或发出命令发出命令,主语也可表示出来,这时主语必须重读。主语也可表示出来,这时主语必须重读。YouYou,close the window!close the window!你你,关上窗户关上窗户!表示强调的另一方法表示强调的另一方法,是在谓语动词前面加是在谓语动词前面加 do doDoDo be careful nex
17、t time.be careful next time.下次务必小心。下次务必小心。三、祈使句三、祈使句2.2.第第一一、三人称祈使句、三人称祈使句,通常以通常以let let 开头开头LetLet me tell you the answer if you cant work it out.me tell you the answer if you cant work it out.3.3.其他形式的祈使句其他形式的祈使句(1)(1)以以nono开始的禁止性祈使句。开始的禁止性祈使句。NoNo entryentry.禁止人内。禁止人内。No parking.No parking.禁止停车。禁
18、止停车。No smoking.No smoking.禁止禁止吸烟吸烟(2)(2)固定短语。固定短语。Out with it!Out with it!说出来吧说出来吧!Beg your pardon.Beg your pardon.请原谅请原谅四、感叹句四、感叹句感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情的句子,一般用感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情的句子,一般用howhow或或whatwhat引引导。导。1.what1.what引导的感叹句引导的感叹句What+a/an+What+a/an+形容词形容词+可数名词单数可数名词单数(+(+主语主语+谓语谓语)!)!What+What+形容词形容词+可数名词
19、复数可数名词复数(+(+主语主语+谓语谓语)!)!What+What+形容词形容词+不可数名词不可数名词(+(+主语主语+谓语谓语)!)!What a great pity you missed the lecture again!What a great pity you missed the lecture again!你又一次错过了讲座你又一次错过了讲座,真是太遗憾了真是太遗憾了!What interesting books youve boughtus!What interesting books youve boughtus!你给我们买的书真有趣你给我们买的书真有趣!What gre
20、at fun surfing on theInternet is!What great fun surfing on theInternet is!在网上冲浪真是太有趣了在网上冲浪真是太有趣了!四、感叹句四、感叹句2.how2.how引导的感叹句引导的感叹句How+How+形容词形容词+a/an+a/an+可数名词单数可数名词单数(+(+主语主语+谓语谓语)!)!How+How+形容词形容词/副词副词(+(+主语主语+谓语谓语)!)!How+How+主语主语+谓语谓语!How beautiful a place it is!How beautiful a place it is!多漂亮的一个地
21、方啊多漂亮的一个地方啊!HHow surprising it is that you should not know what has happenedow surprising it is that you should not know what has happened!你竟然不知道发生了什么,真是太令人吃惊了你竟然不知道发生了什么,真是太令人吃惊了四、感叹句四、感叹句用法比较用法比较可数名词可数名词复数或复数或不可不可数名词数名词前有形容词修饰,并且在前有形容词修饰,并且在句句中不作主语时中不作主语时,只能只能用用 what what引导感叹引导感叹句。句。How wonderful
22、a plan youve made!How wonderful a plan youve made!whawhat t a a w wonderful plan youve made!onderful plan youve made!你制定的计划真棒啊!你制定的计划真棒啊!H Ho ow greaw great t changes we have had these years!changes we have had these years!()whawhat t grear changes we have had thesc years!grear changes we have had t
23、hesc years!()这些年我们的变化真大啊这些年我们的变化真大啊!四、感叹句四、感叹句用法比较用法比较How good neHow good new ws it is!s it is!()()What What good newsgood news it is!it is!()()多么好的消息呀多么好的消息呀!四、感叹句四、感叹句高频考点高频考点感叹句感叹句在中考中的考查主要集中在通过中心词判断用在中考中的考查主要集中在通过中心词判断用 what what 还是还是 how how这一点上。这一点上。_smart the driverless car is!smart the drive
24、rless car is!A.What aA.What aB.How aB.How aC.WhatC.WhatD.HowD.How 答案答案DD四、感叹句四、感叹句高频考点高频考点-Have you heard that Chinas explorer(-Have you heard that Chinas explorer(探测器探测器)has landed on Mars()has landed on Mars(火火星星)?)?-Really?Really?_exciting news!exciting news!A.WhatA.WhatB.HowB.HowC.What anC.What
25、an 答案答案AA句子结构句子结构【目录】【目录】一、简单句一、简单句 只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语),句子的各个成分只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语),句子的各个成分都是由单词和短语表示,这样的句子称为都是由单词和短语表示,这样的句子称为简单句。简单句。句子中最基本的句型有五种,其他各种句型都是由五种基本句型转换来的。句子中最基本的句型有五种,其他各种句型都是由五种基本句型转换来的。1.1.主语主语+谓语(谓语(Birds fly.Birds fly.鸟儿们飞翔)鸟儿们飞翔)2.2.主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语(宾语(She only wants one.Sh
26、e only wants one.她只想要一个)她只想要一个)3.3.主语主语+系动词系动词+表语(表语(He seems sad.He seems sad.他似乎很伤心。)他似乎很伤心。)4.4.主语主语+谓语谓语+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语(直接宾语(I will find you a good chance.I will find you a good chance.我会给我会给你找个好机会的。)你找个好机会的。)5.5.主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语He showed the guests in.He showed the guests in.他把客人们领进来了。他
27、把客人们领进来了。二、并列句二、并列句 含有两个或多个相互并列的主谓结构的句子叫并列句。含有两个或多个相互并列的主谓结构的句子叫并列句。并列句中的各个分句意义等重要并列句中的各个分句意义等重要,相互之间没有从属关系,是平行并列的关系。相互之间没有从属关系,是平行并列的关系。Tom is Tom is not onlynot only a good basketball player,a good basketball player,but alsobut also(he is)a good (he is)a good footballfootball player.player.汤姆不但是个出
28、色的篮球运动员,汤姆不但是个出色的篮球运动员,(他他)还是个出色的足球运动员还是个出色的足球运动员He didnt come yesterdayHe didnt come yesterday,forfor he was l.he was l.他昨天没有来他昨天没有来,因为他病了。因为他病了。Nancy is a secretary Nancy is a secretary and and she works in an office.she works in an office.南希是一名秘书南希是一名秘书,她在办公室工作她在办公室工作三、复合句三、复合句 由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子
29、叫作复合句。主句是复合句的主干由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子叫作复合句。主句是复合句的主干部分从句充当主句的某个成分。从句在主句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、同部分从句充当主句的某个成分。从句在主句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等。位语、定语、状语等。What he didWhat he did made his mother angry.made his mother angry.他所做的事情使他妈妈非常生气。他所做的事情使他妈妈非常生气。(主语从句主语从句)Parents shouldnt give their children Parents shouldnt giv
30、e their children whatever they wantwhatever they want.父母不应对他们的孩子们有求必应。父母不应对他们的孩子们有求必应。(宾语从句宾语从句)This isThis is because you are too careless.because you are too careless.这是因为你太粗心。这是因为你太粗心。(表语从句表语从句)三、复合句三、复合句A doctor is a person A doctor is a person who looks after peoples healthwho looks after peoples health.医生就是关照人们健康的人。医生就是关照人们健康的人。(定语从句定语从句)Check all your answers Check all your answers before you turn in your papers before you turn in your papers.在你交试卷前要检查你所有的答案。在你交试卷前要检查你所有的答案。(状语从句状语从句)thanksTHANK YOU WATCHING THIS ONE