1、人教版中考英语一轮复习:七年级上下册语法知识点汇编1. 问候语:“Good morning!” 为早上(上午)见面的问候语,回答“Good morning”。“How are you?”是西方国家熟人见面时的问候语,用于询问对方的身体状况,回答用”Im fine/Fine./Im very well./Im OK. 还可以用How are you? 或“And you?”问候对方。“Nice to meet you.”用于初次与同学,朋友见面等非正式场合,对方的回应一般是Nice to meet you,too. 。“How do you do?”常用于正式场合,对方的回应一般也是How do
2、 you do?这是一句问候语,不是问话。2. fine:adj. 健康的,常用来指身体状况或天气好。Fine 表示身体好,相当于healthy(健康的) 表示天气好,相当于clear(晴朗的)3. Whats this in English? 某物品用英语怎么说? 回答用“ Its a/an + 单数可数名词”,不能用This is .或者That is .。 eg:Whats this in English? Its a book. 4. What color is it? Its +颜色。 主语为复数时,回答用They are +颜色。若多种颜色时,在最后两个颜色之间用and。5. 表示
3、姓氏: Miss mis 未婚女性,小姐 布朗小姐 Miss BrownMr.先生, 布莱克先生Mr. BlackMs. miz 女士,在不清楚对方是否已婚的情况下可用 Mrs. misiz 已婚女性 , 用于已婚女性的夫姓,格林夫人Mrs. GreenMrs. Ms. Mr. 都要加点, 除了Miss。6. Whats your/her/his name? 询问姓名。三种回答:(1) Gina.(2) My name is Gina。/Her name is Gina.(3) Im Gina./ Shes Gina.7. 含有be动词的一般疑问句。肯定回答时“Yes,代词主格+am/is/a
4、re”, 否定回答是时“No,代词主格+isnt/arent” 或 ”No,Im not.”Are you Helen? Yes, I am./No, Im not。(在一般疑问句的肯定回答中Yes,I am。 Be动词结尾时不缩写,不可以缩写成Yes,Im) Is she Gina? Yes,she is./ No,she isnt. Is he Jack? Yes,he is./No, he isnt.8. Whats .number? 对车牌号,房间号,身份证号,电话号码等进行提问时,回答:(1) Its +号码。(2) My phone/telephone number is +号码。
5、“0”读作“o”或“zero”。 相同的两个数字读作“double+基数词”。Eg:6822-7453读作“six eight double two,seven four five three”。9. 英语中的姓和名,名在前,姓在后。在特别正式的场合中,有时会用中间名。 名(first name / given name) + 姓( last name/family name /surname) eg: Alan White is an English boy. His first name is Alan and White is his last name.10. in的用法:(1) “在
6、.”, 后面+ 国家,城市等表示地点的名词。(2) “在.里面”,Im in Class Two(3) “使用.语言”,Whats this in English?11. 中学middle school。但表示某所具体的中学时,首字母都要大写。eg:Hello, everybody! Im from No. 20 Middle School。12. 指示代词是表示:这个,那个,这些,那些“等指示概念的代词。This,these指离说话人较近的人或物,that,those表示离说话人较远的人或物。This/That + is + 名词单数。These/Those + are + 名词复数。Is
7、this/Is that.?的一般疑问句,回答用it代替this/that。Are these/Are those .? 回答用they代替these/those。13. Who为疑问代词,表示“谁”。主语是第三人称单数:Who is . 。主语是第二人称单数/复数:Who are .。当不知道是谁或 不知道人的数量时,谓语用单数。Who likes English?14. have意为”经历,经受“时,后面常跟say,time之类的词,表示祝福,祝愿。Have a good time!祝你玩得高兴!Have a good dream! 做个好梦!Have a good trip! 旅途愉快!
8、Have a good day! 过得愉快!回答时,可以说”You,too”,相当于“The same to you.”too用于宾格形式的人称代词之后,表示与上文情况相同。15. here,there引导的倒装句:(1) 主语是名词时,主谓倒装:Here/There +谓语+主语,单复数由主语决定。 eg:Here are two books.(2) 主语是人称代词时主谓不倒装:Here/There + 主语+谓语。 eg: Here he comes.16. of的用法:(1) 表示属于(某人或某物):常用来表示无生命事物间的所属关系。 eg:Beijing is the capital
9、of China.(2) 表示关于(某人或某物):表示事物间的相关性。eg:Here is a map of China.17. 介词短语开头的倒装句,起到强调时间,地点的作用。eg:In the next picture are my brothers, Bob and Eric。正常语序为My brothers, Bob and Eric, are in the next picture。In my school is a big tree. 一棵大树在我学校里。18. next用法:(1) adj 下一个的,接下来的。Read the next page,please.(2) n. 下一
10、个,接下来。 Next,please!下一位!19. picture的用法:(1) 意为“照片”时,可以和photo互换,a picture of = a photo of一张.的照片。(2) 意为“图画”时,不能与photo互换,a picture of 指一张.的图画。 eg:Draw a picture of that tree。给那棵树画一幅画。20. 同位语:跟在名词或代词后面对其做进一步解释或说明的名词或代词。Eg:That is my cousin , Kate。This is my sister, Lin Fang。21. 含有系动词be的一般疑问句,用来确认物品归属的句型:
11、Is + this/that + 形容词性物主代词/名词所有格 + 物品/人 ? Are + these/those + 形容词性物主代词/名词所有格 + 物品/人 ? 肯定回答:Yes,人称代词 + is/are。 否定回答:No,人称代词 + isnt/arent。Eg:Is this your eraser? Yes, it is .Are those your pencils? No, they arent.22. Excuse me 和I am sorry的区别:Excuse me:通常用于打扰人之前,用于麻烦打扰或有求于人时。I am sorry:通常用于道歉时,多用于做错了事道歉
12、时。Eg:Excuse me, whats this in English? I am sorry. I dont know。23. What about.? 和How about.? 常用来询问消息或提出建议,后面跟名词,代词,动名词。Eg:Today is Sunday. What about helping our parents with the housework? 24. Thank you for.,为.而感谢。(1) Thank you for +名词: Thank you for your help, Anna. (2) Thanks you for + 代词: Thank
13、you for that.(3) Thnaks you for +动词ing:Thank you for helping me, Anna.25. do的用法:(1) 作助动词。Eg:Do you like oranges?(2) 作实义动词。意为“做”。Eg: do ones homework做家庭作业 do exercises做练习 do housework做家务。26. ask表示“向某人索取某物,向某人要某物”,用法:(1) ask sb sth 问某人某物 ask sb about sth 问某人某事 (2) ask.for.请求,恳求,向某人要某物 You can ask Mr.
14、Brown for a ruler.(3) ask sb to do sth 要求某人做某事 Kate asks me to help you every day.27. at放在电子邮箱的地址或电话号码前面,表示“按照.”“依据.”.Eg: Email me at maryg2,. (是at的缩写) Call me at XXXXX.28. e-mail 的用法:(1) 作动词,意为“给.发邮件”。(2) 作名词,意为“电子邮件”。前面用不定冠词an修饰。An e-mail29. Where疑问副词,“在哪里”。Where + is +主语(单数)?答语为It/He/She is + 介词短
15、语或直接回答地点。Where +are +主语(复数)?答语为They are + 介词短语或直接回答地点。Where is可以缩写为Wheres, Where are不可以缩写。Where are your grandparents?They re in the library.30. think的用法:(1)否定前移:主语是第一人称时,形式上否定主句,实际上否定从句。Eg:I think its on the sofa。 I dont think its on the sofa.主语是第二第三人称时,否定从句。The boy thought she would come this nigh
16、t. The boy thought she wouldnt come this night.(2) think about + doing sth “考虑做某事”。Eg:I am thinking about buying a new dictionary.31. 方位介词,通常和后面的名词或代词构成介词短语。“方位介词+定冠词the或形容词+名词”号介 词意 义例 句1in在之内The students are reading in the classroom.2on在上面(有接触面)The boat is on the river3over在(正)上方There are several
17、bridges over the river. 4under在(正)下方The boat sailed under the bridge.5above在上方The plane flew above the clouds.6below在下方The sun sinks below the horizon.7by在旁边Our house is by the river.besideCome and sit beside me.8near在附近I dont need a car becauseIlive nearthecity centre.9next to紧挨My best friend sits
18、next to me in class.10behind在后面Olive hid behind a tree.11before在之前He made a speech before a large audience.12outside在外面He parked his car outside the theater.13to到去We walked to the fruit shop.14from从来We traveled to London from Edingburgh.15(a)round围绕All sat around the table.16between在之间(指二者)The lette
19、r B is between A and C.17among在之间(指三者或三者以上)The house stands among the trees.18across横过、越过Iftheroad is busy, dont walk across it.19through穿过We drove through the tunnel.20onto向上The men lift the baskets onto the trucks.21into进入到之内They put the apples into the baskets.22out of从出来Dont look out of the wind
20、ow in class.23along沿着Walk along this street, then turn left, you can see the post office.24up向上The monkeys climbed upthe trees to pick the bananas.25down向下The ball is rolling down the hill.几组方位介词的区别(1)方位介词in, on, to的区别:in表示在范围内”,还表示“在之中” Chongqing lies in the southwest of China.on表示“与毗邻,接壤” Canada l
21、ies on the north of America.to表示方位,不接壤 Hunan lies to the west of Zhejiang.(2)表示地点位置的介词at, in, on, to:at 用于小地方,at school, at homein 用于大地方, in Beijing, in Chinaon在上面, on the map, on the tableto到, To Chongqing(3)above, over, on在.上面above在上方(高过另一个物体,不强调垂直)The airplane flies above that tall building.(不在正上
22、方)over在上方(垂直上方) The bridge spans over the river.on在上面(物体表面有接触)Theres some water on the floor, so you should be careful.(4)below, under在下面under在下(正下方) The cat lies under the chair.(正下方)below在下(不一定是正下方) The cat lies belowthe chair.(不是正下方)(5)in front of, in the front of 在的前面in front of 在外部的前面,两个东西是独立的,
23、相反的是behindEg:The building is in front of the hospital.The building is behind the hospital.In the front of在内部的前面,属于其中的一部分,相反的是at the back ofEg:The girl stands in the front of the classroom.The girl stands at the back of the classroom.(6)beside, near, bybeside在旁边near在附近by在附近,非常靠近32. 连词but,and,so,or:(1
24、) 相同点:都是量词,连接两个独立的单词,短语或者并列分句。(2) 不同点:but:但是,表示转折关系 I know his name, but I dont know his phone number.and:和,并且,表示并列或顺承关系 I havea clock and its on tjhe desk.so:因此,表示英国关系 or:或者,表示选择关系33. 合成副词:every+where = everywhere, 相当于here and thereeveryday:日常的everybody:每个人everything:一切事情everywhere:各个地方Eg:You can s
25、ee computers here and there = You can see computers everywhere.34. have a basketball与play basketball:(1) have a basketball:“有一个篮球”,前面要加不定冠词a。(2) play basketball:“篮球运动”,前面不加冠词。play+球类运动,前面不加冠词。35. let的用法:let sb. do sth 让某人做某事let sb not do 不让某人做某事36. 系动词+形容词作表语:系动词也叫连系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,其后必须跟表语,构成系表结
26、构的谓语,说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。1. be动词: He is a teacher.2. keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand(继续或保持一种状况或态度)Eg:He always kept silent at meeting. 3. seem, appear, look(看起来像) Eg:He looks tired. 4. feel, smell, sound, taste(感官) This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5. become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run
27、 eg:He became mad after that.37. I dont have a soccer ball, but my brother Alan does.句子中does代替了has a soccer ball.Eg:I dont have a dictionary, but my friend Dale does.38. same的用法:adj.相同的 ;前面 前面常加定冠词他和、pron.同样的事物,相同的事物;Adv .同样;same作形容词,前面常加the,反义词different.Eg:My brother and I go to the same school.39.
28、 with,意为“和,与.在一起”,后面的人称代词用宾格。Eg:Frank often plays computer games with me.40. 表示喜欢某物时,如果某物是可数名词,常用其复数形式表示一类事物.Eg:He doesnt like vegetables.41. 名词复数的规则变化:一、 一般情况下,在词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化:清辅音后读s catcats浊辅音或元音后读z stylestyles piecepiecest后读ts sportsportsd后读dz friendfriends 二、以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词,在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。 读
29、音变化:统一加读iz。 例:busbuses; quizquizzes; foxfoxes; matchmatches; flashflashes 三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改变为i,再加-es。 读音变化:加读z。 以元音字母+y结尾的名词,直接加加-s。 读音变化:加读z。 例:candycandies; daisydaisies; fairyfairies; ladyladies; storystories boy-boys 四、 以-o结尾的名词以辅音字母+o结尾的,有生命的加es,无生命的加s,读z。例:(有生命的)tomatotomatoes; potatopotatoes
30、; hero-heroes,negro-nrgroes 口诀:黑人英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆(无生命的)photo-photos, piano-pianos,kilo-kilos以元音字母+o结尾的,加-s,否则加-s构成复数,读z。radio-radios, zoo-zoos 五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词,多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves,但有例外。尾音f改读vz。 例:knifeknives; lifelives; leafleaves; staffstaves; scarfscarves 口诀:妻子持刀去砍狼,(knife-knives, wolf-wolves) 小偷见了着了慌,(thief
31、-thieves) 架子底下忙躲命,(shelf-shleves-life-lives) 半片树叶遮目光。(half-halves, leaf-leaves)以-f或-fe结尾的名词,直接加-s。roof-roofs, giraffe-giraffes或giraffe,chief-chiefs(首领),safe-safes(保险箱)两者都可以的:scarf-scarfs或scarves名词变复数的不规则变化:一、 改a为e: man-men, woman-women二、 改oo为ee:foot-feet, goose-geese, tooth-teeth, 三、 词尾加ren或en:child
32、-children,ox-oxen(公牛)四、 单复同形:(1) fish(鱼的条数,sheep,deer,means(方法),series(系列),species(种类)五、 某国人变复数的规律:(1) 以-ese结尾的,a chinese- two chinese, a japanese-two japanese(2) 英法把man变为men: an Englishman- two Englishmen, an Frenchman- two Frenchmen(3) 其他国家,后面直接加-s:a German-two Germans, an American- two Americans口
33、诀:中日不变英法变,其余s加后面六、 集体名词的变化规律:(1) 形式为单数,但表示复数意义,谓语用复数。people(人们), police(警察),cattle(牛群)注意:people作民族时,复数是peoples(2) 既可以表示单数,也可以表示复数的集体名词: family:侧重于整体时,做单数,谓语用单数,复数为families。 Eg:There are about fifth families. My family is a happy one. 侧重于家庭成员时,作复数,谓语用复数。 Eg:My family are watching TV.既可以表示单数,也可以表示复数意义
34、的集体名词有(单指整体时,用作单数,指集体的各个成员时,用作复数,谓语根据具体语境决定单复数:class班级(同学) team组(员) public公众 army(军队) audience(观众)enemy(敌人) group组(员)七:比较特殊的几个词:(1) people:指“人,人们”时,是集体名词,谓语用复数。three people 指“民族”时,复数形式为peoples。56 peoples(2) fish: 指“鱼的条数”时,单复同形。three fish 指“鱼的种类”时,复数形式fishes three fishes 指“鱼肉”时,不可数名词,谓语单数。 (3) work:指
35、“工作”时,不可数名词,谓语单数 指“作品”时,可数名词,复数works。 指“工厂”时,单数复数都是works。There is a chemical works near the village.42. 既可以作可数名词,也可以作不可数名词: 不可数名词 可数名词chicken 鸡肉 小鸡room 空间 房间hair 毛发 一根或几根几根头发paper 纸张 试卷exercise 锻炼 做操(成套动作的)experience 经验 经历time 时间 时代,倍数wood 木头 森林water 水 某国的领海,海域sand 沙子 沙滩cloth 布 衣服snow 雪 积雪ice-cream
36、冰激凌 冰激凌(成盒)salad 沙拉 沙拉(一份)43. well的用法:(1) adj.“健康的”,用在系动词后面。Eg:Sports star eats well。 How is your grandfather? He is very well. (2) adv.“好地,令人满意地”,修饰动词。Eg:That boy plays basketball well。44. for的用法:一、与一日三餐搭配使用时:(1) 可放在句末,表示所吃的食物。Eg:What do you like for lunch?(2) 放在句首,用逗号与后面的句子隔开。Eg:For lunch, we ofte
37、n eat hamburgers.(3) 如果三餐名词前有修饰词,常用不定冠词修饰三餐名词。Eg:I have a big breakfast.二、 表示目的,“为.去做”,need .for.“需要.去做.”Eg:I need a sweatercf for school. 三、 表示价格,用法为价格+for+具体物品Eg:Two dollars for one pair and three dollars for two pair.45. what与名词搭配,构成疑问词组:what food 什么食物 what class 什么班级 what season 什么季节 what size 什
38、么尺寸 what fruit什么水果 what sport什么运动46. want的用法:想要某物 want sth想要做某事 want to do sth 想要某人做某事 want sb to do sth47. 商店用语:服务员用语:Can I help you? /May I help you?What can I do for you?Is there anything that I do for you?What color/size/kind do you want?Here you are. 您拿好了。顾客用语:顾客需要时,可回答:Yes,please,再说出自己的要求。不需要时
39、,可回答“No,thanks”。I want/ Id like.How much is it? Whats the price of.?Thats too expensive Im afraid. Thats too much Im afraid.Could you show me some others?Ill take it/them.我买下了。(在答句中take相当于buy/get/have, 在问句中不用take)Eg:Will you buy this radio, Ms Brown? Ill take it.48. How much的用法:(1) 询问可数名词单数或不可数名词的商品
40、价格,回答用Its+价格。Eg:How much is the hat? Its 10 dollars.(2) 询问可数名词复数的商品价格,回答用Theyre+价格。Eg:How much are those trousers?(3) 询问不可数名词的数量。Eg:-Jack,I need some milk. -OK,Dad. How much do you need?49. 描述尺寸和颜色的形容词同时出现时,尺寸在前,颜色在后:表示尺寸size的形容词:big, small, long, shortEg: I like those long blue socks.50. 基数词:( 1 )、
41、1-12单独记:one、 two、three、four、five、six、seven 、eight、nine、 ten、eleven、twelve( 2 )、13-19一般加teen结尾:thirteen、fourteen 、fifteen 、sixteen、 seventeen、 eighteen 、nineteen( 3 )、 整十数:twenty (20),thirty (30), forty (40),fifty (50),eighty (80)为特殊形式外,sixty (60),seventy (70),ninety (90) 都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。(4)几十几:如:
42、 26 : twentysix 39 : thirty nine68 : sixtyeight 82 : eightytwo(5)百位数 : hundred后不加“s”。例如 : 107 : a hundred and seven540 : five hundred and forty789 : seven hundred and eightynine51. 序数词:( 1 )、从第一第十九 :onefirst 、 twosecond 、threethird、 fivefifth 、 eighteighth 、nineninth、twelvetwelfth为特殊形式外,其他的序数词都是由它的序
43、数词加th构成:例如: fourfourth sixsixth( 2 )、从第二十第九十九 :整十的序数词形式是由它的基数词变结尾的字母y为i再加eth构成例如: thirtythirtieth fortyfortieth ( 3 )、第一百以上的多位序数词 :将它结尾部分的基数词变为序数词形式例如: 376 :基数形式: three hundred and seventysix序数形式: three hundred and seventysixthhundred的用法:-基数词+hundred, hundred后面不加s,two hundred-表示数百,用hundreds of,不能与数次连用。hundreds of students, many hundreds, several hundreds基数词序数词1 one 第1 first2 two 第2 second3 three第3 third4 four 第4 fourth5 five 第5 fifth6 six 第5 sixth7 seven 第7 seventh8 eight第8 eighth9 nine 第9 ninth10 ten 第10 tenth11 e