1、英语（二）自学教程 Unit 1 The Power of Language TEXT A Critical ReadingTEXT BThe Language of ConfidenceCritical Reading批判性阅读 1.Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement.Critical reading is active reading.It involves more than just（不
2、只是，不仅仅是）understanding what an author is saying.Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying,and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying.Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.（启下句）批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。批判性阅读是积极阅读。它不仅仅
3、包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。apply to 使用；应用apply to sb./sth.=be applicable to sb./sth.apply的派生词：application,applicant,applicableput forth 提出；产生1.critical adj.有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎）的2.non-fiction n.纪实文学3.position n.观点；态度；立场4.statement n.说明；说法；表态5.question v.表示疑问；怀疑out of question 毫
4、无疑问/out of the question 不可能的6.evaluate v.估计；评价；评估 2.Consider the context of what is written.You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than yours.Or,you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours.In either c
5、ase,you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.考虑写作背景。你所读的可能是与你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是与你有不同时代背景的人多年以前所写的。无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。some time ago不久前some time一段时间sometime改天 sometimes有时 some times好几次take into a
6、ccount 考虑到；顾及those是代词，代替前面的复数名词values and attitudes。代替可数名词单数或不可数名词用that。例如：The students in your class are more hard-working than those in his class.The values of the young people differ from those of their elders.Your voice is more beautiful than that of your classmates.The price of that book is hig
7、her than that of this one.7.context n.n.上下文;背景;环境;语境8.value n.values pl.是非标准；价值观 valuable invaluable=priceless无价的 valueless无价值的9.represent v.描述；表现 representative adj./n.3.Question assertions made by the author.Dont accept what is written at face value.Before accepting what is written,be certain that
8、 the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made.Look for facts,examples,and statistics that provide support.（承上句）Also,look to see if the author has integrated the work of authorities.质疑作者的论点。不要轻信作品的表面意思。在接受作者观点前，首先要确定作者作出的每一个论点都有足够的论据支持。找出能支持该论点的事实、实例、和数据。另外，注意作者是否参考了权威著作。accept/take
9、 at face value 相信表面；信以为真10.assertion n.明确肯定；断言11.sufficient adj.足够的；充足的 sufficiency insufficient 不够的；不充分的 in-：否定前缀12.statistic n.statistics pl.统计数字；统计资料13.integrate v.（使）合并，成为一体14.authority n.专家；学术权威；泰斗 an/the authority on sth.对某事物的权威 authorize vt.授权，批准，委托 4.Compare what is written with other writte
10、n work on the subject.Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have written about the subject.If there are inconsistencies,carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies.（承上句）与同主题文章进行比较。查看该作者的文章与其他作者关于同一主题的文章是否有一致性。如果存在不一致性，对不一致的地方背后的论据支持要进行仔细甄别。par
11、e v.比较；对比 compare A with B 把A和B进行比较 compare A to B 把A比成B。（打比方）16.subject n.主题；题目；题材17.consistent adj.相符的；符合的18.inconsistency n.不一致be consistent with 与一致consist vi.组成（of）；在于（in）；符合（with）The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity
12、.This doesnt consist with what you told me earlier.这和你先前告诉我的不符合。consist的派生词：consistent,inconsistent,consistency,inconsistency 5.Analyze assumptions made by the author.Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions.In many cases,the authors assumptions are not di
13、rectly stated.This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions.（承上启下句）Once you identify an assumption,you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid.分析作者提出的假设。假设是作者认为具有正确性的前提，基于这些前提作者才能提出论点。很多时候作者的假设并没有直接说明，这就意味着你必须通过仔细阅读来发现这些假设。一旦发现某一假设，你必须判断这一假设是否合理。19.assumption n.假
14、定；假设20.case n.具体情况；事例 in case 万一；以防；（用一般时）in case of fire 万一发生火灾；in case of 万一发生 in case that 万一发生情况。a case in point 佐证，恰当的例子；明证 confirmed/suspected cases 确诊病例/疑似病例21.directly adv.直接地；径直地22.identify v.找到；发现23.valid adj.符合逻辑的；合理的；确凿的 validity n.有效性，正确（性）invalid 无效的；有病的whatever引导的是表语从句，不能换成no matter w
15、hat。名词性从句（主语，宾语，表语，同位语从句）中，疑问词ever不能换成no matter+疑问词，状语从句中可以换用。例如：Whoever comes to our party is welcome.（不能换成no matter who）He will lend a helping hand to whoever needs his help.(不能换)He will buy whatever his son wants.（不能换）Whatever you do,I will support you.(能换成no matter what)6.Evaluate the sources th
16、e author uses.In doing this,be certain that the sources are credible.For example,Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics.Also be certain that the sources are relevant.Einstein is not a relevant source when the subject is poetry.（承上句）Finally if th
17、e author is writing about a subject in its current state,be sure that the sources are current.（启下句）For example,studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century may not be appropriate if the writer is discussing the current state of knowledge in physics.鉴别文章出处。鉴别时要确保文章出处真实可信。例如，如果文章是关于物理学里程碑式的成就，那么
18、爱因斯坦的论述就是可靠的出处。此外还要确保出处具有相关性。如果文章主题是诗歌，那么爱因斯坦的论述就不是相关出处。最后，如果作者写的是某个主题当前的情形，那就要确保出处来源也是当前最新的。例如，如果作者讨论的是物理学知识的现状，那么爱因斯坦在二十世纪早期进行的研究可能就不适合作出处了。24.credible adj.可信的；可靠的=believeable incredible=unbelievable 不可信的；25.landmark n.（标志重要阶段的）里程碑26.relevant adj.紧密相关的；切题的 relevancy n.关联；恰当 irrelevant27.current ad
19、j.现时发生的；当前的28.appropriate adj.合适的；恰当的 inappropriate Its(not)appropriate that.+虚拟语气 7.Identify any possible author bias.A written discussion of American politics will likely look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican.What is written may very well reflect
20、 a biased position.You need to take this possible bias into account when reading what the author has written with a grain of salt.甄别作者可能带有的偏见。有关美国政治的书面论述可能因作者是共和党人或民主党人迥然而异。作者所写的内容很可能反映其带有偏见的立场。阅读时要考虑到这种偏见存在的可能性。也就是说，要对文章内容“半信半疑”。with a grain of salt 有保留地；持怀疑态度地29.bias n.偏见；偏心；偏向 a biased position b
21、e biased to/toward(s)/against 偏袒 反义词：unbiased30.considerably adv.非常；很；相当多地 consider considering 介词、连词 鉴于；考虑到；considerable 相当的；considerate 体贴；考虑周到的；consideration n.考虑31.Democrat n.（美国）民主党党员，民主党支持者民32.Republican n.（美国）共和党党员，共和党支持者33.reflect v.显示；表明；表达likely 在该句中是副词likely adj./adv.be likely to do sth.I
22、ts likely thata likely resultProfit will most likely have risen by about 2 million.利润极可能增加200万英镑左右。（副词）likely的派生词：unlikely,likelihood。例如：The likelihood of infection is minimal.感染的可能性极小。8.By being a critical reader,you will become better informed and may change your views as appropriate.成为一名批判性阅读者，你的
23、思路会不断拓宽，观点会更加合理。34.informed adj.有学问的；有见识的 well-informed 博学的；ill-informed 无知的；The Language of Confidence自信的语言 1.The language we use programs our brains.Mastering our language gives us a great degree of mastery over our lives and our destinies.It is important to use the language in the best way possib
24、le in order to dramatically improve our quality of life.语言能影响我们的大脑。掌握语言就能在很大程度上掌握我们的生活和命运。将语言发挥到极致可以极大地改善我们的生活质量，这一点至关重要。1.confidence n.自信心；把握相关词：confidentbe confident of sb./sth.对sb.有信心；have/lose confidence in sb./sth.注意比较：confident/confidential 有信心的/机密的；2.program v.训练；培养3.mastery n.控制；驾驭4.destiny
25、n.命运；天命；天数5.dramatically adv.巨大地；惊人地；显著地6.quality n.质量；品质Even the smallest of words can have the deepest effect on our subconscious mind,which is like a child,and it doesnt really understand the difference between what really happens and what you imagine.It is eager to please and willing to carry ou
26、t any commands that you give it-whether you do this knowingly or not is entirely up to you.再短的单词也能对我们的潜意识产生深远的影响。我们的潜意识就像一个孩子，分不清真实发生的事和自己想象的事。它渴望取悦，乐意听从你给它的任何命令，而你是有意还是无意地做这些完全取决于你。carry out 完成（任务）be up to 取决于Its up to you whether we go there or not.7.subconscious adj.下意识的；潛意识的8.please v.使满意；使愉快man
27、d n.（给人或动物的）命令10.knowingly adv.故意地；蓄意地TryIt is a small word yet it has an amazing impact upon us.If someone says,Ill try to do that,you know that they are not going to be putting their whole heart into(全身心投入于)it,and may not even do it at all.How often do you use the word“try”when talking about the t
28、hings that matter to you?Do you say Ill try to be more confident or Ill try to do that or Ill try to call?“尽力”这是一个简单的词，却能对我们产生不简单的影响。如果有人说“我会尽力做这件事的”，你知道他其实并不打算全心全意做这件事，甚至可能根本不会去做。你有多少次在谈论对于你非常重要的事时使用了“尽力”这个词?你是否说过“我会尽力做到更加自信”、“我会尽力去做这件事”或者“我会尽力去呼喊”?11.impact n.巨大影响；强大作用have an impact on/upon 对产生巨大影
29、响12.matter v.事关紧要；有重大影响matter v.be important例如：As long as staff are smart,it does not matter how long their hair is.员工只要聪明，头发留多长没什么关系。It matters a lot whether you come to my birthday party or not.13.confident adj.自信的；有自信心的Think about something that you would like to achieve,and say it to yourself in
30、 two different ways.Firstly say,Ill try to and notice how you feel.Next say,I will do and see how you feel.想一件你想完成的事情，然后用两种不同的方式对自己说。首先说“我会尽力去做”，然后注意你会有什么感受。再对自己说“我要做”，然后看你又会有什么感受。The latter makes you feel better than the first one,doesnt it?It gives you a sense of determination,a feeling that it wi
31、ll be done.Listen to the people around you and when they say they will try,notice if it gets done or not.Eliminate the word“try”from your dictionary and see how your life improves.后一种方式给你的感受要比前一种好，不是吗?后一种方式给你的感受要比前一种好，不是吗?它给你一种坚定感，一种事情一定会完成的感觉。听听你身边的人怎么说，如果他们说他们会尽力，看看事情最后是不是完成了。从你的词典里删除“尽力”这个词，看看你的生
32、活会如何改善。the formerthe latterthe formerthe latter14.sense n.（对重大事情的）感觉，意识a sense of humor15.eliminate v.排除；清除；消除eliminate all grammatical mistakesbe eliminated in the first round 第1轮被淘汰；CantThis is another small word with a big impact.It disempowers us,makes us feel weak and helpless,and damages our s
33、elf-esteem.It limits our infinite abilities and stifles creativity.Rub it out from your internal dictionary and replace it with something that makes you feel great.“不能”这又是一个简单却影响巨大的词。它让我们失去力量，让我们感到脆弱与无助，让我们的自尊心受到伤害。它限制了我们无限的才能，扼杀了我们的创造力。把这个词从你内心的词典里擦去吧，换一个让你感到伟大的词。rub out 用橡皮擦掉（字迹等）16.disempower v.剥
34、夺；使失去权利；剥夺力量empower v.授权，赋予权利注意构词法：dis（表示否定）+me（使，赋予）+poweren-/me-常见的动词前缀，如：enable,enrich,endanger,enlarge等。17.self-esteem n.自尊（心）18.limit v.限制；限定区分两个名词limit（限度）和limitation（局限性）。There is a limit/are limits to ones life.There is no limit/are no limits to knowledge.Everyone has his own limitations.19.
35、infinite adj.极大的；无法衡量的相关词：finite（adj.）,finitely（adv.）,infinitely（否定副词.）20.stifle v.压制；扼杀；阻止21.creativity n.创造力相关词：create,creation,creator,creative（adj.）,creatively（adv.）22.internal adj.内心的；头脑中的Instead of(=Rather than)saying you cant,why not say something like I choose or I choose not to.Using words
36、like this allows you to take back your power and to be in control of your life.不要说你“不能”，为什么不换一个别的说法，比如“我选择”或者“我选择不”。使用这些词能让你恢复力量，掌控自己的生活。be in control of 掌管；管理；控制Words may appear small and insignificant,yet they can have a deep and lasting effect on us.Mastering your language gives you the power to
37、live whatever life you desire.一些词语或许看似简单、微不足道，却能对我们产生深刻而持久的影响。掌握你的语言能让你获得力量去实现你渴望的生活。give the power相当于empower23.insignificant adj.微不足道的；无足轻重的相关词：significantadj.重要的；显著的；有重大意义的；意味深长的,significance n.意义；意思；重要性,significantly adv.意味深长地；值得注目地；insignificance n.无意义What words do you use a lot that disempower
38、you?Make a list of words you commonly use and then write next to them some alternatives you can use.Make these alternatives words that make you feel fabulous(极好的),not only about yourself,but about life and what you are doing!你使用过哪些让你失去力量的词?列出你常用的这类词，然后在旁边写出它们的替代词。让这些替代词不仅使你对自己感觉良好，而且使你对生活、对正在做的事情感觉无限美好吧!not onlybut(also)make在这里接名词作宾补，即make sb./sth.sth.，如：We made him our monitor.make you feel fabulous，make接do sth.作宾补。monly adv.通常；常常25.alternative n.可供选择的事物，替代物have no alternative but to do sth.除了别无选择；Is there any alternative to going to the cinema?不看电影还有其他选择么？26.fabulous adj.极好的；绝妙的
