1、句子成分和基本句型句子成分和基本句型初高中衔接初高中衔接-语法奠基篇语法奠基篇1.Master the basic sentence components of English.掌握句子成分。2.Learn to analyze the structure of the sentences.学会分析句子结构。目录语法脉图定义定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；和次要成分；主要成分主要成分:主语和谓语主语和谓语次要成分次要成分:表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语S 表示“主
2、语（subject）”V 表示“谓语（verb）”O 表示“宾语（object）”P 表示“表语（predicative）”A 表示“状语（adverbial）”IO 表示 “间接宾语（indirect object）”DO 表示“直接宾语（direct object）”C 表示“宾语补足语（object complement）”1.I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主语谓语定语宾语同位语状语中英文语序差异英语：孔雀型尾重要求把字数较多或语法结构较复杂的句子、成分至于句末。The baby is sleeping.He driv
3、es fast.One is enough.To see is to believe.Smoking is bad for health.What she has said is true.（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（句子）（句子）主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么是什么”或或“是是谁谁”。主语是谓语动作或状态的执行者。主语是谓语动作或状态的执行者。Observe:What can be“subject”in a sentence?u 主语一般由主语一般由名词名词(短语短语)、代词、数词、动名词
4、、代词、数词、动名词(短语短语)、动词不定式、动词不定式(短语短语)和主语从句和主语从句等充当。等充当。u 注意:主语一般位于句首，但若主语一般位于句首，但若不定式不定式(短语短语)、动名词、动名词(短语短语)、名词性从句名词性从句作主语，作主语，常用常用it作形式主语，则把真正的主语放在句后作形式主语，则把真正的主语放在句后。It drives me mad to teach her.Its a pity that you missed the exciting football match.自我检测：代词的分类和形式Find the subject in the sentence Twen
5、ty years is a short time in history.The poor are now living in the shelter.Running is good for our health.To study hard is your duty.She likes dancing.What I want is some apples.实义动词有实在意义并能独立作谓语read eat look drink助动词本身没有意义，不单独作谓语，协助主要动词构成谓语be have do will 情态动词有一定词义，不能单独作谓语，后加动词原形can must may need sh
6、all系动词有词义，但不能独立做谓语，必须和表语构成主系表结构am is are keep stay sound feel become动词的分类：主谓(宾)主系表 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，有完整的时态和语态。一般在主语之后。u谓语中最重要的是谓语动词(通常由实义动词充当)，它有时态，语态的变化，并受主语人称和数的影响。注意：复合谓语的划分要把时态、被动语态、情态动词和否定词归入进去。宾语表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般位于及物动词和介词之后。Observe:What can be“object”in a sentence?（句子）Show your book,pleas
7、e.She didnt know anything.They want to know my idea.I like staying with you.Did you know what she want?（名词）(代词）（不定式）（动名词短语）u宾语一般由名词、代词、不定式、动名词（短语）及宾语宾语一般由名词、代词、不定式、动名词（短语）及宾语从句等充当从句等充当注意：注意：不定式不定式(短语短语)、动名词、动名词(短语短语)、名词性从句作宾语、名词性从句作宾语，常，常用用it作形式宾语作形式宾语，则把真正的宾语放在句后，则把真正的宾语放在句后。Some students find it d
8、ifficult to study English.Most of us think it no use arguing with her.Mrs Weng teaches us.双宾语（IO+DO）在动词后方所跟的双宾语中表示的叫做direct object（简称“直宾”）表示人的叫做间接宾语indirect object（简称“间宾”）SVDOIOu 常见接双宾语的动词：teach,buy,bring,take,give,send,sell,show,tell,write,lend,make.常借助常借助介词介词to的常用动词的常用动词 teach/tell sb.sth=teach/te
9、ll sth.to sb.take/bring/give sb.sth=take/bring/give sth to sb.send/write sb.sth.=send/write sth.to sb.show sb.sth.=show sth.to sb.常借助常借助介词介词for的常用动词的常用动词 buy sb.sth=buy sth.for sb.lend sb.sth.（借）=lend sth.for sb.make sb.sth=make sth.for sb.双宾语易位Find the object in the sentence1.They planted many tree
10、s yesterday.2.She bought a notebook for her daughter.3.I want to buy a car.4.He presented not to see me.5.I enjoy listening to popular music.6.I think that he is fit for his job.主主系动词系动词表表常见的系动词主要有：常见的系动词主要有：(1)“状态状态”类：类：be(am，is，are，was，were)(2)“持续持续”类：类：keep，stay，remain，lie等等(3)“表象表象”类：类：seem，appe
11、ar等等(4)“感官感官”类：类：look，sound，smell，taste，feel(5)“渐变渐变”类：类：grow，turn，get，go，become，come，fall(6)“证明证明”类：类：prove系动词起连接主语和表语作用，本身有一定词义，它和实义动词一样有时态变化，也受主语人称和数的影响。1.The car is cool.2.The rose smells good.常用作表语的有：常用作表语的有：名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、表语从句分词、介词短语、表语从句等。等。(1)形容词作形容词作表语表语Yo
12、u look younger than before.(2)名词作表语名词作表语 My father is a teacher.(3)副词作表语副词作表语 Everyone is here.(4)介词短语作表语介词短语作表语 They are at the theatre.(5)不定式作表语不定式作表语 My job is to teach them English.(6)动名词作表语动名词作表语 Her job is training the nurses.(7)从句作表语从句作表语 That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.1.They m
13、ade her their monitor.2.The fire left him homeless.3.When he woke up,he found himself lying in the street.4.When he came to himself,he found himself surrounded by his family and friends.5.The farmer asked us to have dinner.6.We saw him play soccer.名词形容词过去分词现在分词（省略to不定式）动词不定式短语1.His father named him
14、Dongming.2.They painted their boat white.3.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.4.We saw her entering the room.5.We found everything in the lab in good order.6.I want your homework done on time.Find the object complement in the sentenceMy mom made me a cake.My mom made a cake for me.SVDOIOS
15、VDOIOMy mom made me happy.SVOOC 宾补区分以下句子成分：宾补？双宾语？区分以下句子成分：宾补？双宾语？My mom made me a fool.SVOOC 宾补AttributiveObserve:What can be“Attributive”in a sentence?常用常用作定语的有作定语的有名词、代词、数词、名词、代词、数词、形容词形容词、副词、副词、介词短语、动名词、介词短语、动名词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、定语从句动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、定语从句等。等。(1)形容词作定语形容词作定语The black bike is mine.(2
16、)代词作定语代词作定语Whats your name?(3)名词作定语名词作定语They made some paper flowers.(4)介词短语作定语介词短语作定语The boys in the room are in Class Three，Grade One.(5)不定式作定语不定式作定语I have no time to travel in spring.(6)从句作定语从句作定语The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.(7)过去分词作定语过去分词作定语There are fallen leaves on the ground.1.
17、The letter on the desk is for Mr Wu.2.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.3.She carried a basket full of eggs.4.Its a city far from the coast.5.He has enough money to buy a car.6.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.7.There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.F
18、ind the attributive in the sentenceI will be back in a while.They are playing on the playground.He was late because he got up late.He got up so late that he missed the train.In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.You each have a chance to go to college.We students should put our hea
19、rt into the study.I am Li Hua,a Chinese student studying in London.The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.Appositive I.选出下列句子中画线部分的成分1.We all study hard at English.A.主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语2.Betty likes her new bike very much.A.主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语3.My brother is a policeman.A.主语 B.谓语 C.宾补
20、 D.表语4.Were you at home last night?A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语即时训练5.Winter is the coldest season of the year.A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语6.He often walks in the park.A.定语 B.状语 C.宾语 D.表语7.Mary asked me to help her yesterday.A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语8.He bought me a nice present last week.A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补9.His parent
21、s are doctors.A.宾语 B.表语 C.谓语 D.定语10.Ill get you some tea now.A.主语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补11.My mother told us an interesting story last night.A.表语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补12.He has read the book twice.A.主语 B.谓语 C.表语 D.宾语13.They seemed unhappy when they heard the news.A.表语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.定语14.Do you have something
22、 to eat?A.状语 B.定语 C.宾语 D.宾补15.We made him our monitor.A.宾语 B.定语 C.状语 D.宾补1.That dream has come true!2.Tim and his classmates are living on a ship!3.They also learn about ships and the sea.SVSVSVAOAnalyse the structures of the sentences.即时训练4.Studying and doing homework seem much more fun.SVPHe doesn
23、t _(喜欢游泳喜欢游泳)He _(似乎为那件事担心似乎为那件事担心)Mother _(昨天给我买了一件衬衫昨天给我买了一件衬衫)The doctor _(劝我多锻炼劝我多锻炼)I heard Mary _(在她房间里正在唱歌在她房间里正在唱歌).即时训练Complete the following sentences.like swimmingseemed worried about itbought me a shirt yesterdayadvised me to take/do more exercisesinging in her roomS+V（主谓）S+V+O（主谓宾）S+V+O
24、+O（主谓间宾直宾）S+V+O+C（主谓宾宾补）S+V+P（主系表）基本句型基本句型 一一特点:句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。即：后面不可以直接跟宾语，但可以加介词再加宾语 （不及物动词）（不及物动词）1.Time 2.The moon 3.We all4.They 5.He6.He 7.Theyflies.rose.eat,and drink.talked for half an hour.walked yesterday.is playing.listens to classical music.不及物动词后面不可直接加宾语
25、。如需要加宾语，需要添加介词基本句型基本句型 二二 特点：宾语表示动作的对象或行为的承受特点：宾语表示动作的对象或行为的承受者，一般位于及物动词者，一般位于及物动词(短语短语)和介词后面，和介词后面，一般由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式一般由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式(短短语语)、动名词、动名词(短语短语)等充当。等充当。（实义动词）（实义动词）(宾语宾语)1.Who 2.She 3.He 4.He 5.They 6.Danny 7.I 8.He knows laughs at understands made ate likes want said the answer?her.Englis
26、h.cakes.some apples.donuts.to have a cup of tea.Good morning.基本句型基本句型 三三此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子的系动词都不此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子的系动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状或状态的表语，才能表达完整的意思。表语多为形容词，态的表语，才能表达完整的意思。表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、动名词等。也可以是名词、介词短语、动名词等。(表语表语)1.This 2.The dinner3.He 4.Everything5.He 6.The
27、 book 7.The weather 8.His face is smells(闻闻)fell looks is is becameturned an English dictionary.good.happy.different.tall and strong.interesting.warmer.red.基本句型基本句型 四四 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词后谓语动词后面必须有面必须有两个两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者（物）直接承受者（物），另一个是动作的另一个是动作的间接承受者
28、（人）间接承受者（人）。（及物）（及物）（多指人）（多指人）（多指物）（多指物）1.She2.She 3.He 4.He 5.I 6.I 7.I 8.He passed cooked brought bought showed gave told showed himher husband you her him him mea new dress.a delicious meal.a dictionary.nothing.my pictures.a hand.how to run the machine.that the bus was late.可接双宾语的38个常用动词(1)双宾语易位时
29、需借助介词to的常用动词award sb.sth.=award sth.to sb.颁奖给某人bring sb.sth.=bring sth.to sb.把某物带给某人hand sb.sth.=hand sth.to sb.把某物递给某人lend sb.sth.=lend sth.to sb.把某物借给某人mail sb.sth.=mail sth.to sb.把某物寄给某人offer sb.sth.=offer sth.to sb.将某物给某人owe sb.sth.=owe sth.to sb.欠某人某物pass sb.sth.=pass sth.to sb.把某物递给某人 book sb.
30、sth.=book sth.for sb.为某人预定某物buy sb.sth.=buy sth.for sb.为某人买某物choose sb.sth.=choose sth.for sb.为某人选某物cook sb.sth.=cook sth.for sb.为某人煮某物fetch sb.sth.=fetch sth.for sb.为某人去取某物find sb.sth.=find sth.for sb.为某人找到某物fix sb.sth.=fix sth.for sb.为某人准备某物get sb.sth.=get sth.for sb.为某人拿来某物make sb.sth.=make sth.f
31、or sb.为某人做某物order sb.sth.=order sth.for sb.为某人订购某物pick sb.sth.=pick sth.for sb.为某人采摘某物prepare sb.sth.=prepare sth.for sb.为某人准备某物save sb.sth.=save sth.for sb.为某人留某物sing sb.sth.=sing sth.for sb.为某人唱某物（歌）spare sb.sth.=spare sth.for sb.为某人让出某物steal sb.sth.=steal sth.for sb.为某人偷某物 基本句型基本句型 五五 此句型的句子的共同特点
32、是：此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。（及物）（及物）（宾语）（宾语）（宾补）（宾补）1.We 2.They3.They 4.They5.What 6.We 7.He 8.I keep painted call found makes saw asked saw the table the door supper the house him him me them clean.green.din
33、ner.dirty.sad?out.to come back soon.getting on the bus.【语境应用】判断句子结构类型。1)Everybody smiled.2)The car caught fire.3)Did the milk turn sour?4)He bought his wife a dress.5)Roy found his new job rather boring.6)Your brother got up at 10 oclock.7)I havent seen Daniel for long.SVOCSVASVOASVSVOSPSVIODO翻译练习翻译
34、练习:1.他们走着，笑着。他们走着，笑着。2.英语老师很友好。英语老师很友好。3.树上有一只可爱的小鸟。树上有一只可爱的小鸟。4.他给她妹妹买了一架钢琴。他给她妹妹买了一架钢琴。5.老师发现老师发现教室教室是空的。是空的。They walked and laughed.The English teacher is friendly.There is a lovely bird in the tree.He bought his sister a piano.The teacher found the classroom empty.翻译练习翻译练习:6.我听到她正在唱歌。我听到她正在唱歌。7.
35、英语作业看上去很简单。英语作业看上去很简单。8.我们笑得很开心。我们笑得很开心。9.我们学校有许多学生。我们学校有许多学生。10.她是一个爱交际的女孩。她是一个爱交际的女孩。I heard her singing a song.The English homework looks easy.We laugh happily.There are many students in our school.She is an outgoing girl.翻译下列句子并分析句子结构。1.比赛中友谊第一。（19年全国卷）2.你能考虑我的申请，我将不胜感激。（19全国卷）3.从生活到日常训练，我们队正在为比
36、赛做准备。（19全国卷）4.中国传统服装看起来更漂亮，更时尚。（19江苏）5.它一直都给予我面对生活中挑战的力量。（18全国卷）6.即将到来的音乐节将在我们学校举行。（19全国卷）7.我真诚地邀请你亲自来我们学校看看。1.比赛中友谊第一。（19年全国卷）Friendship always comes first in the competition.2.你能考虑我的申请，我将不胜感激。（19全国卷）I would appreciate it if you can take my application into consideration3.从生活到日常训练，我们队正在为比赛做准备。（19全国
37、卷）Our team are preparing for the competition,from living to daily training.4.中国传统服装看起来更漂亮，更时尚。（19江苏）Traditional Chinese dress looks more beautiful and fashionable.5.它一直都给予我面对生活中挑战的力量。（18全国卷）It always gives me the strength to confront the challenges in my life.6.即将到来的音乐节将在我们学校举行。（19全国卷）The coming Music Festival will be held in our school.7.我真诚地邀请你亲自来我们学校看看.I sincerely invite you to come to our school to have a look for yourself.
