1、替代词替代词one,ones,that,those,it,this,that 1)one,ones,that,thoseThat替换替换单数可数名词或不可数名词单数可数名词或不可数名词；one只替换只替换单数的可数名词单数的可数名词。Eg:The vase on the left is more beautiful than _ on the right.The coffee produced in Brazil is more famous than _in Mexico.the onethatThat只用于替换表示只用于替换表示事物事物的名词，的名词，而而one/ones替换替换表示表示人
2、人和表示和表示事物事物的名词皆可。的名词皆可。Eg:His younger sister is taller than the elder _.I need the plastic bags,not the paper_.oneonesThat/those一般不带前置定语，但必须有后置定语。一般不带前置定语，但必须有后置定语。One/ones都可。当替换词的后置定语用所有格的都可。当替换词的后置定语用所有格的of短语或当替换词被所有格修饰时，不用短语或当替换词被所有格修饰时，不用one/ones而而用用that of/those of.Eg:I like the vase better tha
3、n _in another shop.The windows of your flat are cleaner than _of mine.A grandparents job is easier than _of a parent.The computers in our school are connected to the Internet while _ in their school arent.the one/thatthosethatthoseThat/those用于替换有定冠词的名词；用于替换有定冠词的名词；one/ones用用于替换有不定冠词的名词。于替换有不定冠词的名词。E
4、g:The style of the building is similar to _of a temple.A CD player made in Japan costs more than _made in China.thatone2)it,this和和 that都可以替代前文已提到的事或情况，细微差别在都可以替代前文已提到的事或情况，细微差别在于于it不如其余两者那么强调。不如其余两者那么强调。Eg:So she decided to paint the door pink._upset the neighbours a bit.So she decided to paint the
5、house pink._really upset the neighbours.ItThat当前面提到的事物不止一件时，当前面提到的事物不止一件时，it通常指最先提到通常指最先提到的事物，而的事物，而this/that是指最后提到的事物。是指最后提到的事物。Eg:We keep the ice cream machine in the spare room._is mainly used by the children.(指指 the machine)We keep the ice cream machine in the spare room._is mainly used by the c
6、hildren.(指指the spare room)ItThis/ThatThis可以出现在它所指代的事物之前；而可以出现在它所指代的事物之前；而that则指上文所提到的事物。则指上文所提到的事物。Eg:Listen to_!We will have three days off.“A penny saved is a penny earned.”Who said_?thisthatEg:I bought a dictionary three years ago and I am still using_ now.I bought a dictionary three years ago bu
7、t I am going to buy a new _soon.It用以指特定的前面提到过的事物，即：用以指特定的前面提到过的事物，即：it和它替和它替换的是同一个事物，换的是同一个事物，it前无修饰语；而前无修饰语；而one用于替用于替换与前提事物有共同之处但并不完全一样的事物换与前提事物有共同之处但并不完全一样的事物，因此，因此，one之前或之后一定有修饰语来加以区别之前或之后一定有修饰语来加以区别。3)It和和one itone It引起的几个易混淆的时间句型引起的几个易混淆的时间句型 It+be+时间时间+since-clause 这个句型表示从这个句型表示从since 从句谓语动作发
8、生以后到现在或过去所经过的一从句谓语动作发生以后到现在或过去所经过的一段时间，意为段时间，意为“自从自从.以来已多久了以来已多久了”It is three years since his father passed away.It+be+时间时间+before-clause 这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语 (如：如：a a long time,months,weeks,days,hours,minutes)，主句中的谓语动词用肯定式，意为，主句中的谓语动词用肯定式，意为“过多长时间才过多长时间才.”。主句的谓语动词是否定式时。主句的谓语动词是否
9、定式时，意为，意为“没过多长时间就没过多长时间就.”。主句的时态可用。主句的时态可用过去时过去时was或将来时或将来时will be；用；用was 时，时，before从句从句的动词用一般过去时；用的动词用一般过去时；用will be 时，时，before从句常从句常用一般现在时。用一般现在时。她没过多久就背会了那些诗歌。她没过多久就背会了那些诗歌。It was _she learned those poems by heart.过了很久警察才来。过了很久警察才来。It was _the police arrived.要过好几个小时他才会作出决定。要过好几个小时他才会作出决定。It _hour
10、s before he makes a decision.要不了几个小时我们还会再见面的。要不了几个小时我们还会再见面的。_before meet again.not long beforelong beforewill beIt will not be hours 3.It+be+时间时间+when-clause 这个句型中这个句型中,it 指时间，而且表示时间的词语前指时间，而且表示时间的词语前没有介词没有介词(时间一般为具体时间时间一般为具体时间)。主句中的谓语。主句中的谓语动词和从句中的谓语动词在时态上一般是一致的动词和从句中的谓语动词在时态上一般是一致的，主句是，主句是will be
11、，when从句用一般现在时代替将从句用一般现在时代替将来时。来时。It was already 8 oclock when we got home.It was the next morning when we finished our work.It will be midnight when they get there.It+be+时间时间+that-clause 这个句型是个强调这个句型是个强调句型。例如：句型。例如：It was two years ago that he made animportant invention.(原句是：原句是：_)It was at 5 oclock
12、 that he practised playing the violin in the morning.(原句是：原句是：_)比较：比较：It was 5 oclock when he started in the morning.(5 oclock前没有介词，这是个定语从前没有介词，这是个定语从句句)He made an important invention two years ago.He practised playing the violin at 5 oclock in the morning.It+be+time+that-clause这个句型属虚拟语气结构，不管主句中用的是这
13、个句型属虚拟语气结构，不管主句中用的是 is 或或 was，that从句都须用动词的过去式或从句都须用动词的过去式或should+动词原型动词原型(但不及用过去式普通但不及用过去式普通)，在，在time之前有时之前有时可加上可加上high或或about 以加强语气以加强语气。例如：。例如：It is time(that)we handed in our exercises.(=It is time that we should hand in ourexercises.)It is high time (that)she wrote a letter to her boyfriend.It/T
14、his/That+the first(second,third)time+that-clause这个句型表示截止到说话时为止的某人的一种这个句型表示截止到说话时为止的某人的一种经历，关键是注意经历，关键是注意time前有序数词，主句是前有序数词，主句是 is 时时，从句要用现在完成时；如果主句用一般过，从句要用现在完成时；如果主句用一般过去时去时was，则从句须相应地用过去完成时。，则从句须相应地用过去完成时。例例如：如：This is the first time(that)these Europeans _the Great Wall.It was the fifth time(that)
15、I _a friendly visit to Africa.had paidhave visited There起始的句型归纳：起始的句型归纳：1）there live/stand/lie/exist There lay a ditch two metres wide ahead.2)There come/go/appear/occur/follow用于用于描述某事的发生或某个动作的开始。描述某事的发生或某个动作的开始。Eg:There will follow a break of 10 minutes and then we will go on with the lecture.3)The
16、re being（独立主格结构）（独立主格结构）Eg:There being nothing left in the fridge,we had to do some shopping first.4)there to be结构常见于动词结构常见于动词intend,mean,consider,hate,want等词后。等词后。Eg:No one would expect there to be a war in his country.I dont want there to be another accident like this.结构：结构：It+动词动词be+强调部分强调部分+who(
17、whom)/that+其他部分其他部分it可以用来对句子的某一成分加以强可以用来对句子的某一成分加以强调。调。It 用于强调句用于强调句 Eg:Nancy saw your sister in Tokyo last week.It was Nancy who saw your sister in Tokyo last week.It was your sister whom Nancy saw in Tokyo last week.It was in Tokyo that Nancy saw your sister last week.It was last week that Nancy s
18、aw your sister in Tokyo.有些否定句也可以改成这种强调结构：有些否定句也可以改成这种强调结构：It wasnt until last summer that I heard from her.I didnt do all this for myself.It wasnt for myself that I did all this.问句也可变成这种结构：问句也可变成这种结构：Who called him“comrade”?Who was it that called him“comrade”?How did you forget to lock the door?How
19、was it that you forgot to lock the door?Ex:把下列句子改为强调句：把下列句子改为强调句：1.Tom broke the window last night.2.They want money.3.Peter saw his friend in the park yesterday.4.I didnt have an opportunity of seeing her again for several years.5.Why does everyone think Im narrow-minded?6.I didnt receive my letter
20、 until yesterday?7.Did Dick call the meeting last week?8.Did it happen in 1980?1.Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder,but _ didnt help.A.he B.which C.she D.it 2.As _ happens,I have brought my umbrella with me.A.it B.this C.that D.such 3._has already been pointed out,grammar is not
21、 a set of dead rules.A.As B.It C.That D.This 4.It was seven forty-five _he finished the work.A.when B.that C.when D.before DAAA5.Was it because it snowed last night _ he didnt come?A.why B.that C.when D.which 6.Does _ matter if he cant finish the job on time?A.this B.that C.he D.it 7.European footba
22、ll is played in 80 countries,making _ the most popular sport in the world.A.which B.this C.that D.it 8._ is no doubt that he will succeed in his experiment.A.It B.This C.That D.ThereBDDD9.It worried a bit _ her hair was turning gray.A.while B.that C.if D.for 10.It was not _ she took off her dark glasses I realized she was a famous film star.A.when;that B.until;that C.until;when D.when;then BB
