1、中考英语语法知识讲解一、状语从句The Adverbial Clause在复合句中，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫状语从句。状语从句根据它表达的意思可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较(或方式)和条件等类。1.时间状语从句引导连词有when，while，till，notuntil，since，after ,before ,as soon asThe bus wont start until everybody gets on.公共汽车直到每人都上车为止，才开动。When he knocked at the door I was cooking.当他敲门时，我正在煮饭。Las
2、t night before he came back home, his wife had already cooked dinner and waited for 2 hours.昨天晚上在他回到家之前，他的妻子已经做好晚饭足足等了他两小时之久。After I went to church, I went shopping.2.地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。Where there is a will, there is a way.哪里有志向，哪里就有出路。有志者事竟成。Where there is a life, there is a hope.哪里
3、有生命，哪里就有希望。留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you.不管你去哪里，不管你做什么，我都会在此守侯你。3.原因状语从句引导连词有because，as, since。He didnt see the film because he had seen it.他没有看那部电影，因为他已经看过了。They couldnt get on the train，for it was too crowded. 他们无法上火车，因为火车太挤了。比较：because, since,
4、as和for1)because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。I didnt go, because I was afraid.Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2)由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。He is absent today, because / for he is ill.He must be ill, f
5、or he is absent today.注意because不能和so 连用。4.目的状语从句引导连词有 that， so that，in order that。He must get up early so that he can catch the first bus.他必须早起，以便能赶上第一辆公共汽车。He repainted the house so that he could welcome the guests.Millions of trees are planted in North China so that the sand can be stopped from mo
6、ving south.The mother left work earlier in order that she could be at home when the children arrived.So that 以便/以致例如：(1)They studied hard so that they could pass the exam.(2)They started early so that they caught the early bus.注意点：在例句(1)中,是引导目的状语;在例句(2)中，是引导结果状语。一般来讲，从句中含有情态动词的，为目的状语。无情态动词的，为结果状语。5.
7、结果状语从句引导连词有that，sothat，such.thatThe box is so heavy that I cant lift it.这个盒子如此沉，以致我无法抬起来。such+名词性词组+thatSo+形容词/副词+that如此以致例如：(1)She is such a good teacher that we all love her.(2)It was such a hot day that they didnt go out for a walk as usual.注意点：1.such+a+形容词+名词+that，可以改写成：so+形容词+a+名词+that，例句(1)可以改
8、写成：She is so good a teacher that we all love her.2.在such+形容词+名词复数或不可数名词+that结构中，形容词如果是many/few或much/little时，用so不用such，即：so+many/few+可数名词复数+that，so+much/little+不可数名词+that(1)There are so many people in the room that I cant get in.(2)The man has so much money that he can buy a car.6.让步状语从句引导连词有though，a
9、lthough; even though/if; whatever; howeverAlthough he is young，he knows a lot of things.虽然他年龄小，但却认识许多事物。Even though you dont like him, you still have to be polite.Whatever you say, I will not change my mind.注意although，though不能和but连用。7.比较状语从句常见连词(as)as., than; the, theJim is older than Lucy(is).吉姆比路希
10、年长。Skiing is more exciting than running.The more you practice, the more knowledge you will get.注意than 引导的比较状语从句中的谓语常省略。8.条件状语从句以if, unless为引导连词。If you eat bad food，you may be ill.如果你吃到坏了的食物，就会生病。If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will have a sports meet.二、宾语从句1.语序宾语从句的语序一定是陈述句语序。(wh-等特殊疑问词作主语的从句本身就是陈述句语
11、序)但注意：The man asked what the matter was那个人问这是什么东西.The doctor asked what was the matter wrong（with her）医生问（她）生了什么病.初高中阶段以第二种情况为考查重点。2.连接词引导宾语从句的关联词有四类：(1)从属连词that.如：一般情况下可以省略。He told us that he felt ill.I know he has returned.注：that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。1.Everybody could see what hap
12、pened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。)2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。)3.That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe.(that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。)我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。(2)从属连词if/whether.如：I doubt whether he will
13、 succeed.I dont know if you can help me.(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whatever, whicheverWho or what he was，Martin never learned.马丁不知道他是谁，是什么样的人。I wonder what hes writing to me about.我想知道他给我写了什么。(4)连接副词where, when, why, how等。He never knows where the machine went wrong. 他不知
14、道机器哪里坏了。小贴士1Whether/ If连词whether (or not)或if引导的宾语从句if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但从句中出现or not或做介词宾语时只能用whether。如：I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假.小贴士2否定前移在主语为第一人称，think，believe，suppose，expect等动词后接宾语从句，若从句为否定句，将否定提到主句。如：I dont think you are right.I dont believe they have finished their work yet.
15、I dont suppose he cares，does he? 我想他不在意，是吗?3.时态变化宾语从句的时态变化规律：主句为现在时，从句时态不发生变化；为过去式，从句为过去的时态。若从句为自然现象和普遍真理时，用一般现在时。The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.I know he lives here.我知道他住在这儿。- I know he lived here ten years ago.三、倒装句1.全部倒装全部倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：1) here
16、, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 主语为名词时：There goes the bell.Then came the chairman.Here is your letter.2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，主语为名词时：Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.Ahead sat an old woman.注意：注意上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。Here he comes.Away they went.2.部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语
17、之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。1.否定词、半否定词起首的倒装句句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until 等。Never have I seen such a performance.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the
18、room.当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。never/ hardly .without等双重否定句型，在英语写作中可用于强化语气。Never does a day go by without me missing you! 我没有一天不想你！Hardly can this problem be solved without your paying attention to your vocabulary.你不关注词汇量就不可能解决这个问题！2.so/ neither起首的倒装句以so/neither起首的倒装句，结构为so/neither+谓语(助动词/be动词/情态
19、动词)+主语，用于说明上文所描述的情况也同样适用于下文的人或物。该结构中谓语动词的选择在形式上要和上文的谓语保持一致，数要由下文的主语来决定。注意，在“so+谓语+主语”的结构中，主语是另外的人或物，而在“so+主语+谓语”的结构中，主语仍是上文的人或物，表示对 上文所讲事实的肯定或强调，如，She can play the piano, so she can.(她会弹钢琴，她的确会。)(1)He can sing a lot of English songs, so can she.他会唱很多英语歌曲，她也是。(2)She speaks English very well, so do I.
20、她英语说得好，我也是。(3)Li Lei hasnt read this book, neither has Lin Feng.李蕾没看过这本书，林风也没看过。She went to school just now.So did I .她刚才去学校了，我也是She has finished the work.So have I .她已经完成了工作,我也完成了。She will go to school.So will he.她将去学校，他也是。3.only+状语位于句首倒装Only in this way, can you learn English well.Only after being
21、 asked three times did he come to the meeting.如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.小贴士Only后一般不加非谓语动词构成倒装4 as, though 引导的倒装句as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 (形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。注意：1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。Try hard as he wi
22、ll, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.注意:让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用5 其他部分倒装1) so that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had,
23、should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。Were I you, I would try it again.四、感叹句表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情时用感叹句。感叹句分为两种，一种以what引导，一种以how引导。句尾用感叹号“!”。用降调。What a clever boy he is!多么聪明的小男孩啊!How clever the boy is!这小男孩多聪明啊!1.What引导的感叹句What a beautiful city it is!(这是个)多么美丽的城市啊!1.what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)What a beautiful city it is!
24、What an interesting story she told!2.what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)What expensive watches they are!What terrible weather it is!注意# What引导的感叹句中若没有形容词，要根据语境理解翻译！What a boy! 多好/ 坏/ 聪明/ 愚笨/ 可爱/ 调皮.的男孩！# 受形容词修饰不加不定冠词的名词为考试的重点和难点What great news!What wonderful weather!2.how引导的感叹句How hot it is today!今天天气多
25、么热啊!1.How+形容词/副词+陈述句(主语+谓语)How cold it is!How hard he works!2.How+陈述句(主语+谓语)How he loves his son!How I want to be a teacher!3.How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)How tall a tree it is!注意事项How单独引导感叹句在英语中也很常见！How time flies! 时光飞逝How I wish you didnt know this! 我多希望你不知道此事！How he works! 他真努力啊！上述两种感叹句可以互相转换。例如：What a clever boy he is!How clever the boy is!What a cold day it is!How cold it is!Caution!#what和how引导的两种感叹句，在口语中常用简略式，即省略后一部分(陈述句部分)如：How cold!多冷啊!What heavy traffic!交通多挤啊!6
