1、2016年上海高考III. Reading ComprehensionSection A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of managemen
2、t, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to
3、 Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritar
4、ian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-makingall members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of
5、 doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make d
6、ecisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with d
7、irect contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organi
8、zation, rather than less.Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they sp
9、end on them.51. A. desireB. seekC. loseD. dislike 52. A. contraryB. expectationC. degreeD. extreme 53. A. vice versaB. for exampleC. howeverD. otherwise54. A. outsideB. insideC. belowD. above 55. A. replacingB. assessingC. managingD. encouraging 56. A. referB. contributeC. objectD. apply57. A. agree
10、mentB. practiceC. electionD. impression58. A. bossyB. experiencedC. westernD. male 59. A. askingB. trainingC. warningD. firing 60. A. doublingB. maintainingC. reducingD. estimating 61. A. honored B. leftC. crowdedD. compared62. A. economicallyB. traditionallyC. inadequatelyD. occasionally 63. A. den
11、yB. admitC. assumeD. ensure64. A. virtualB. ineffectiveC. day-to-dayD. on-the-scene65. A. opinionB. riskC. performanceD. attractiveness【解析】试题分析：本文是说明文，作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的X理论和Y理论，并介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论：授权管理及其作用。51.答案D。X理论认为人们天生讨厌工作会做任何事来避免工作。desire想要；seek寻找；lose失去；dislike不喜欢。52.答案A。在任何情况下，尽管相反的理
12、论有很多证据，但是经理们仍然同意X理论。contrary相反；expectation期望；degree程度；extreme极端。53.答案B。例如，他们认为如果要有效工作他们的员工需要持续的督导，或者说决策必须从上级强制执行而不需要咨询。根据前文提出许多管理者认同X理论，本句应该具体讲认同者的理由，因此选择for example（例如）。vice versa反之亦然；for example例如；however然而；otherwise否则。54.答案D。不同文化有不同方式去管理人民。outside在外面；inside在里面；below在下面；above在上面。55.答案C。与独裁管理不同的是，某
13、些文化，尤其是在亚洲的一些，人们众所周知的是它们制定决策的活动有咨询的本质部门或工作小组的全体人员都被要求为这个过程作出贡献。replace代替；assess评估；manage管理；encourage鼓励。56.答案B。与独裁管理不同的是，某些文化，尤其是在亚洲的一些，人们众所周知的是它们制定决策的活动有咨询的本质部门或工作小组的全体人员都被要求为这个过程作出贡献。refer查看；contribute贡献；object反对；apply应用。57.答案A。许多西方公司已经尝试去模仿亚洲人的做事方式，这类方式是以广泛同意为根基的。agreement一致；practice练习；election选举；
14、impression印象。58.答案D。某些专家表示女人会成为比男人更起作用的管理者，因为她们有能力通过一种传统男性管理者不能使用的方式去实现共同目标。bossy专横的；experienced有经验的；western西方的；male男性的。59.答案A。最近的潮流是鼓励员工使用他们自身的主动性，不先询问经理而是去独立做决定。ask询问；train训练；warn警告；fire开除。60.答案C。授权已经成为了减缩趋势的组成部分：减少公司管理层的人数。double加倍；maintain维持；reduce减少；estimate估计。61.答案B。用这种方式减少层级以后，一个公司可能只剩下一层最高层级
15、的高级管理者：减少了公司的管理层级。honour授予荣誉；be left with被留下；被剩下；be crowded with拥挤着；be compared with与比较。62.答案B。授权把委托的想法延伸到比传统的情况更深远的程度。economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不足地；occasionally偶尔地。63.答案D。授权和委托意味着新形式的管控将确保全面的工作计划正在被执行，而在新的组织下的运营活动会变得更多盈利，而非更少。deny否认；admit承认；assume假设；ensure保证。64.答案A。另一种趋势是不在场的或者虚拟
16、的管理，团队人员通过电子邮件和网络相互联系，在自己家中执行项目。本空所填副词traditionally（传统地）与后面new（新的）具有对应关系。virtual虚拟的；ineffective无效的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene现场的。65.答案C。项目管理者依据他们为项目所做出的贡献而不是花在上面的时间来评估团队成员的表现。opinion观点；risk风险；performance表现；attractiveness吸引力。【名师点睛】 本篇完形填空对于上下文串联及词汇的复现进行了集中考查，占到了三分之二。由于完形填空的文章是一个意义相关联的语篇，围绕一个话题论述，因此在行
17、文中词语的重复、替代、复现和同现现象是不可避免的。根据这个原则，某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现或同现的相关词，考生可以根据这些词之间的有机联系来确定答案。所以，解题时应联系上下文寻找相关线索，如某一个词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词和概括词等。但由于我们在做题时不可能总是重复地阅读文章，因此，在做完形填空时要培养一种捕捉并记忆相关信息的能力。 如本文57题考查上下文串联。亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A项名词“agreement同意、协议”正确。考点：考查说明文阅读【答案】51.D52.A53.
18、B54.D55.C56.B57.A58.D59.A 60.C 61.B62.B63.D64.A65.C2015年高考III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. If you studied pictures that a
19、ncient people left on rock walls and you tried to determine their meaning, you would not detect a deep interest in romance among the artists. 51 , you would see plenty of animals with people running after them. Life for ancient people seemed to center on hunting and gathering wild foods for meals.In
20、 modern times, when food is available in grocery stores, finding love is more 52 to peoples lives. The 53 is all around us. It is easy to prepare a list of modern stories having to do with love. An endless number of books and movies qualify as love stories in popular culture.Researchers are studying
21、 whether love, a highly valued emotional state, can be 54 . They ask, what is love? Toothpaste companies want us to think attraction is all about clean teeth, but clean teeth go only so far. Scientists wonder how much the brain gets involved. You have probably heard that opposites attract but that 5
22、5 attract, too. One thing is certain: The truth about love is not yet set in stone.First ImpressionTo help determine the 56 of attraction, researchers paired 164 college classmates and had them talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes so they could get a sense of each others individuality. Then students were ask
23、ed to 57 what kind of relationship they were likely to build with their partners. After nine weeks, they reported what happened.As it turned out, their 58 judgments often held true. Students seemed to 59 at an early stage who would best fit into their lives.The 60 KnowsScientists have also turned to
24、 nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animals give off pheromones natural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in, other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or is feeling 61 to partnerships. In co
25、ntrast, humans do not seem to be as 62 as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loads of information through smell in every interaction with o
26、ther people.Face ValueBeing fond of someone seems to have a number of factors, including seeing something we find attractive. Researchers had people judge faces for 63 . The participants had 0.013 seconds to view each face, yet somehow they generally considered the images the same as people who had
27、more time to study the same faces. The way we 64 attractiveness seems to be somewhat automatic.When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations, people responded to 65 words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking.5
28、1. A. Instead B. ThereforeC. MoreoverD. Otherwise52. A. romanticB. stressfulC. centralD. beneficial53. A. priorityB. proofC. possibilityD. principle54. A. testedB. imposedC. changedD. created55. A. appearancesB. virtuesC. similaritiesD. passions56. A. illustrationsB. implicationsC. ingredients D. in
29、tentions57. A. predict B. investigateC. diagnoseD. recall58. A. criticalB. initialC. random D. mature59. A. memorizeB. distinguishC. negotiate D. question60. A. Nose B. EyeC. HeartD. Hand61. A. open B. alertC. resistantD. superior62. A. disappointed B. amazed C. confusedD. gifted63. A. emotionsB. at
30、tractivenessC. individualityD. signals64. A. enhance B. possessC. maintainD. asses65. A. familiar B. plainC. positive D. irritating51. A 52. C 53. B 54. D 55. C 56. C 57. A 58. B 59. B 60. A61. A 62. D 63. B 64. D 65. C2014年高考III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the follo
31、wing passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about
32、 films weve just watched or books weve just finished reading, but plain and simple _51_.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we _52_ do with it? We gossip. About others behaviour and private lives, such as whos doing what with whom, whos in and whos out-and why; how to deal wi
33、th difficult _53_ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural _54_, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? Its not the case according to P
34、rofessor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really_55_issues.Dunbar _56_ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize thei
35、r manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We dont spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar_57_, he goes on to sa
36、y, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the _58_ of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming-cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event o
37、f some kind of conflict within the group or_59_ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar _60_ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the _61_ it provided; on
38、the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to _62_ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be _63_ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly,
39、a more _64_ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one _65_ contact.51. A. claim B. desc
40、ription C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for i
41、nstance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C.
42、maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secret【解析】语篇导读 本文介绍了闲聊在日常对话中的重要分量以及形成这种情况的原因。51. C根据下文We gossip可知，人们大多数时候都在谈八卦。52. B本题考查副词词义。occasionally意为“偶尔地”； habitually意为“惯常地”； independent
43、ly意为“独立地”；originally意为“起初”。原句为“我们通常用语言来干什么”故选B。53. A根据下文“children, lovers, and colleagues”可知，本句是要表达应该怎样应对不同的社会情境，故选A。54. D由下文的“we talk a lot about nothing in particular”可知，我们经常说一些无用的话，滥用语言，waster 更符合句意，故选D。55. A由上文“Its not the case”可知，Professor Robin Dunbar认为gossip是很重要的事，故选A。56. B由下文中“instead”可知，Pro
44、fessor Robin Dunbar不认同传统的观点，reject表示“排斥，拒绝”，故选B。57. C由argue可知，Dunbar的观点与传统观点相反，for instance 表示“例如”； in addition 表示“此外”；on the contrary表示“相反地”；as a result表示“因此”故选C。58. D结合下文可知，研究的是灵长类动物的行为，故选D。59. A根据句意可知，猴子们形成团体是为了在内部发生争端和外部攻击时寻求支持，故选A。60. C本题考查动词词义。recall表示“回想”；deny表示“否定”；conclude表示“总结”；confess表示“承
45、认”根据句意，选C。61. D由上文59空“monkeys form groups”可知，人们组成团体是为了寻求保护，团体越大，保护力度也越大。故选D。62. D结合上下文，此空应填表示“减轻，延缓”的词，故选D。63. B根据上下文，此空应填表示“增加，延长”的词，故选B。64. B由上文maintain its effectiveness可知，应填effective（有效的），故选B。65. C结合全文，本文强调了语言作用，强调在语言在人类发展过程中比身体接触更有效，故选C。51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. A 56. B 57. C 58. D 59. A 60. C61. D 62. D 63. B 64. B 65. C
