1、1. 名词（分类、数和格） (一) 知识概要 名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类：专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义，专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall， America它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如pen, worker它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，如：family,class， team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：water,paper它表示的是一种物质，原材料；而后一种是抽象名词
2、，如:work, time它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。 名词一览表种类 专有名词 London, John, the Communist Party of China 普 通 名 词 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集体名词 class, family, army, police, team, people 物质名词 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand 抽象名词 happiness, love, work, life, coura
3、ge, honest 功用 主语 My family is now in New York. 表语 His father is a scientist. 宾语 We love our great motherland. 宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work. 定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs. 状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars. 同位语 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here. 名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与
4、不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是：1. 一般情况加s,如：penpens, doctordoctors,boyboys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读s，在元音和浊辅音后读z。如:mapmap ， boyboys.2. 在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es，如：busbuses,classclasses,其读音为iz。3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾
5、的名词加s，其读音为iz。4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，要将y变为i再加es，读作z，如：factoryfactories,countrycountries, familyfamilies.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如:boyboys,daydays。5. 以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es，但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词，缩写词以o结尾的则只加s，如：tomatotomatoes,heroheroes;photophotos,radioradios,pianopianos6. 以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es，如：knifeknives
6、, leafleaves, 但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs。7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的，它没有规律可循，如:manmen,womanwomen, childchildren, footfeet,toothteeth, mousemice8. 单复同形的名词有：fish, sheep,deer9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。名词还有格的变化，其主格可作主语，宾格可作宾语。还有所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s其复数形式是s，如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加s，如：a students r
7、oom, students rooms, Childrens Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用s，如：a twenty minutes walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers(二) 正误辨析误Please give me a paper. 正Please give me a piece of paper.析不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因paper在英语中是属
8、于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：two pieces of paper.误Please give me two letter papers. 正Please give me two pieces of letter paper.析paper作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.误My glasses is broken. 正My glasses are broken.误I want to buy two
9、 shoes. 正I want to buy two pairs of shoes.析英语中glasses眼镜，shoes鞋，trousers裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.误May I borrow two radioes? 正May I borrow two radios?析以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式，但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoozoos,pianopianos.
10、误This is a Marys dictionary. 正This is Marys dictionary.析如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those,及其他修饰词our,some, every, which, 或所有格时，则不要再加冠词。误There are much people in the garden. 正There are many people in the garden.析可数名词前应用many, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰，而people是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如：The people are planting trees
11、here.误I want a few water. 正I want a little water.析不可数名词前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some来修饰，但不可用many,few来修饰。误Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.正Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me.误Toms and Marys family are waiting for us.正Toms and Marys families are waiting for
12、 us.误Im sorry. I have to go. Toms families are waiting for me.正Im sorry. I have to go. Toms family are waiting for me.析集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Toms family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family class, team等。误Dont eat too much meats.
13、 正Dont eat too much meat.误Food in that restaurant is very good. 正The food in that restaurant is very good.析物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加s，即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如：I dont like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.误Please give me two waters. 正Please give me two glasses of wat
14、er. 析物质名词如要加计量时，一定要加量词，如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread, a piece of bread,a box of sugar,a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange,a bag of earth例： Ill tell you a piece of good news.但只有coffee可以用coffees来取代many cups of coffee.误Can you give me the newspaper of today?正Can y
15、ou give me todays newspaper?析加s构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Marys hair，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用s来构成而不用of结构。如：a five minutes walk.误Please make a room for the lady in the school bus. 正Please make room for the lady in the school bus.析英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的，如： room为可数名词时为“房间”，如：I live in Room 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上
16、面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼镜stone 石头a stone 一块石头time 时间two times 两次wood 木头woods 树林误There is a flowers garden behind my house. 正There is a flower garden behind my house.析名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名词，这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式，如：shoe factory (鞋厂),post office(邮局),evening paper (晚报),night s
17、chool (夜校),head master (校长),a law school (法律学院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting (运动会)。误My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning. 正My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.析英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中国人), means (方法)。所以应讲one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two
18、 Chinese. 如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。误Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend. 正Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.析英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如： thanks, greens， 而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服，而cloth则是布， sand沙子，而sands是沙滩。误I offered my son my congratulation on his success.
19、正I offered my son my congratulations on his success.析英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式，但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shake hands.误We have five German in this meeting. 正We have five Germans in this meeting.析英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen，而German 则要加s，因为它不是由国名与man的组合词。误There are two As in this word.正There are two As in this word.析在大写字
20、母缩写形式的复数表达法中应加s，但如字母是A、I时，为了防止与As和Is相混，则要用s即As，Is误There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.正There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.析在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用s误We have many woman teachers in our school. 正We have many women teachers in our school.析一般组合名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数如：half brot
21、herhalf brothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄弟)daughter in lawdaughtersin law,(儿媳)但要注意的是：man drivermen drivers(男司机) woman doctorwomen doctors(女大夫)grown upgrown ups(成年人) 但是boy student则变为boy students误Physics are very difficult to learn. 正Physics is very difficult to learn.析虽以s结尾但只能用作单数名词有：科学，学科名字：Physics. Mathematics
22、politics游戏名称：bowls 专有名称：Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布) 其他名词：news(消息，新闻)误There is a people in the room.正There is a person in the room. 正There is a man in the room.析people是复数名词，不可用作单数，如要用来讲一个人时应用a person, a man, a woman。同样的词有police.要讲一个警察时则要用a policeman, a policewoman。误Where is my shoe? 正Where are my shoes?析常常
23、只用作复数形式的词有trousers, pants, shorts(短裤)，socks(袜子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一个则要指明，这时还是应用单数形式。如：Wheres my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?)误I paid five pennies for the sweet. 正I paid five pence for the sweet.析英语中便士有两个复数形式pence用来表达一定数量的钱。而pennies是指一个个的硬币，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。(即一便士一个
24、的硬币)。误There are many fruit in the shop.正There are many fruits in the shop.析物质名词为不可数名词，但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词，这里应译为各种各样的水果。误There is a new car. It is Jones and Marys. 正There is a new car. It is Jone and Marys.析有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加s如：Marys car.如果是以s结尾的复数名词则只在s后面加如：teachers offices.如果是复数名词但不是以s结尾，则只加s，如：chi
25、ldrens palace 组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加s如：girl friend girl friends someone elsesomeone elses a week or threea week or threes如名词后有同位语时，则应加在同位语的词尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Marys car.要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加s，如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加s，如：This is Mary and Jones home.即Mary与Jone是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而These are Marys
26、 and Jones homes.则应译为这里是Mary的家与Jone 的家。误It is really beautiful. It is a work of nature. 正It is really beautiful. It is a Natures work.析无生命名词的所有格应用of结构。但是s形式的所有格可用于以下无生命的名词：表示时间的词：todays newspaper, a twenty minutes walk, an hours, rest 表示长度的词：three metres distance, a boats length， twenty miles journe
27、y 表示重量的名词：two pounds weight价格名词：two dollarsworth拟人化的名词：Natures work, natures lesson(大自然的教训)及国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词：the universitys library误He is an old friend of my father. 正He is an old friend of my fathers.析这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如：This pen is Toms.误My father is a good cooker. 正My father is a good cook
28、.析一般动词加上er后则转意为执行该动作的执行者，如:teach(教)teacher(老师),think(想)thinker(思想家),drive(开车)driver(司机),sell(卖)seller(卖物者)但不能总是以此类推，比如cook是动词“做饭”。而cook也可作为名词“厨师”讲，而cooker则为厨具，餐具，即锅、碗、勺等做饭用具。误The young is dancing there. 正The young are dancing there.析英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示一类人时应按复数名词，如：the rich 富人，the poor(穷人),the wise 聪明人，但如
29、果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数名词，如：The beautiful is still here.美丽的风景依旧。误The stories of the book was written many years ago. 正The stories of the book were written many years ago.析这句话的真正主语应是stories，所以应用复数谓语动词。误This is one of the English-Chinese dictionary.正This is one of the English-Chinese dictionaries.析one of
30、意为“之一”，of后面的名词要用复数形式。误Lets go to uncle Wang for supper. 正Lets go to uncle Wangs for supper.析uncle Wangs 意为“王叔叔家”，doctors意为“医院或私人诊所”。误I think we will make a friend with each other. 正I think we will make friends with each other.析make friends 为习惯用法，即交朋友。误I want to tell you much pieces of good news. 正I
31、want to tell you many pieces of good news.析news为不可数名词，但加了量词之后则要用many来修饰量词，因量词是可数名词，或可以说I want to tell you some good news.因some 即可用在可数名词前，也可用在不可数名词前作形容词，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.误The teacher with five students are coming here. 正The teacher with five students is coming here.析要注意由w
32、ith引出的介词短语不是本句的主语，这与连词and有很大的区别，如：The teacher and five students are coming here. 这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是teacher的修饰语。误There are a lot of information here, but we dont need them.正There is a lot of information here, but we dont need it.析information为不可数名词，而用作代替它的词要用it而不能用them.误Many a student make the same mistake
33、 in the exam. 正Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam.析many a 加可数名词单数，作主语时其谓语动词应用单数形式，但其意为许多学生。误The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.正The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.析英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之词：cloth是物质名词，意为“布”，没有复数形式，而clothing是指衣物的总称，也没有复数
34、形式。clothes是指衣服，但没有单数形式，如：This clothing is needed in warm countries. Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的dress则指较正规的服装，如：a school dress 校服，an evening dress晚礼服。误I like to study the English. 正I like to study English.析作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词，而作为某一特指学科则要加冠词，如：I like to study history. I like to study the histor
35、y of America.误The Browns is going to visit China. 正The Browns are going to visit China.析定冠词加姓加s，则意为“Brown先生一家人”。所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译为：Brown先生一家将要访问中国。(三) 例题解析1. Lucy and Lilyin the same class. A. am B. is C. are D. be 答案C.析由and连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配谓语动词。 2. Which is the to the bus stop， please? A road B w
36、ay C street D address 答案B.析这是考察同意词辨析，road是指较宽阔的大道，意为“乡间公路”，而street意为道路两边的建筑物较高，可视为街道之意，而way则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径，还可引深为方式、方法。而address则为“地址”。如：There is a car running along the country road. I live at 105 Park street. Can you show me the way to the National Museum? 3. Hurry up!There is time left. A little B
37、a little C few D a few 答案A.析因time作为时间讲为不可数名词，所以不可用few，a few来修饰。另外，英文的表达法与中文不同，中文讲，快点，时间不多了，而英文要讲，快点，没时间了。因此，要用little而不用a little. 4. How many can you see in the picture? A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato D the tomato 答案B.析用How many提问时，其名词要用复数形式，而tomato的复数要加es. 5. is the meat. Please?Ten yuan a kilo. A Ho
38、w much B How many C How old D How long 答案A.析由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时，不论其值是多少都是不可数名词，要用how much 提问。 6 The boys name is James Allen Green. So his given name is.A James Allen B Allen Green C James Green D Mr. Green 答案A.析英文的习惯与中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文则是姓在最后，其第一个名字是由父母所起的，中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可称作given name
39、,而姓在英文中是family name. 7 Shanghai is one of the biggestin our country. A city B citys C citys D cities答案D.析复音字母以y结尾的单词的复数形式要把y变成i再加es。one of 加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。 8 Would you please pass me?A two paper B two papers C two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers 答案C.析paper是不可数名词，如讲一张、两张纸时，要用量词piece. 9 Septembe
40、r 10th is Day. A Teacher B Teachers C Teachers D Teachers 答案D.10 I only have bread for lunch today. A a bit B a bit of C little D few答案B.11 “What would you like, Ann? ”“Id like two.”A glass of milk B glasses of milk C glass of milks D glasses of milks 答案B.12 There isnt paper in the box. Will you go
41、and get for me?A any, some B any, any C some, some D some, any 答案A.析any用于否定句与疑问句，但如果要表达说话者真心实意希望得到肯定答复时，问句中要用some而不要按一般语法规律用any. 13 June 1st is. A Childrens day B childrens Day C Childrens Day D childrens day答案C.14 These foreign friends are. A German B Germen C Germany D Germans答案D.15 All the studen
42、ts are busy, so of them will go to the cinema.A many B little C a few D few 答案D.析student是可数名词，而few用于可数名词，意为：几乎没有学生去电影院。 16 There are threeand sevenin the picture.A deers, sheeps B deers, sheep C deer, sheep Ddeer, sheeps 答案C.析deer与sheep均是单复同形的名词。17 Whose room is this? Its.A my B Kikes and Johns C ou
43、r D Kike and Johns 答案D.析因为room为单数，所以不可能是Kike的一间与John的一间，应为二者共用的一间房子。2. 代词（分类和应用）(一) 知识概要英语中代词可以分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词。人称代词主要有主格和宾格之别。请看下表人称 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们 主格 I you he she it we you they 宾格 me you him her it us you them 物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。请看下表人称 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他们的 形容词性 my yo
44、ur his her its our your they 名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 反身代词可见下表人称 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们 反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourself themselves 指示代词主要有this, that, these, those疑问代词有：who, whom whose, what, which,还有疑问副词when, how, where, why。不定代词在初中课本中主要有some, any， man
45、y, much, each, neither, other, another, all, both, one, none, either(二) 正误辨析误Toms mother is taller than my. 正Toms mother is taller than mine.析形容词性物主代词可以作定语，也就是讲它可以作形容词，如：my book，而这句话的意思是：汤姆的妈妈比我的妈妈高。比较的对象是my mother,也就是mine。误We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish them.正We ha
